قصف لندن

قصف لندن جزء من حملة القصف الاستراتيجية في الحرب العالمية الثانية A Heinkel He 111 bomber over the Surrey Commercial Docks in South London and Wapping and the Isle of Dogs in the East End of London on 7 September 1940 التاريخ 7 سبتمبر 1940 – 11 مايو 1941 (1940-09-07 – 1941-05-11) (8 أشهر، 5 أيام) الموقع المملكة المتحدة النتيجة German strategic failure المتحاربون المملكة المتحدة ألمانيا النازية القادة والزعماء Winston Churchill Hugh Dowding Frederick Pile Owen Tudor Boyd Leslie Gossage Adolf Hitler Hermann Göring Hugo Sperrle Albert Kesselring Hans Jeschonnek الضحايا والخسائر ~40,000–43,000 civilians killed ~46,000–139,000 injured Two million houses damaged or destroyed (60 percent of these in London) Unknown 3,363 aircrew 2,265 aircraft (summer 1940 – May 1941)

قصف لندن أو البليتز (إنگليزية: The Blitz)، هي حملة قصف ألمانيا على المملكة المتحدة عامي 1940 و1941، أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. استخدم المصطلح لأول مرة من قبل وسائل الإعلام البريطانية ويرجع أصله لكلمة Blitzkrieg، وهي كلمة ألمانيا تعني 'حرب البرق'.

The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns, and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940 (a battle for daylight air superiority between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force over the United Kingdom). By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had lost the Battle of Britain and the German air fleets (Luftflotten) were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation. Adolf Hitler and Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, ordered the new policy on 6 September 1940. From 7 September 1940, London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights. Most notable was a large daylight attack against London on 15 September.

The Luftwaffe gradually decreased daylight operations in favour of night attacks to evade attacks by the RAF, and the Blitz became a night bombing campaign after October 1940. The Luftwaffe attacked the main Atlantic seaport of Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, suffered the Hull Blitz. The port cities of Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton, Swansea, Belfast, and Glasgow were also bombed, as were the industrial centres of Birmingham, Coventry, Manchester and Sheffield. More than 40,000 civilians were killed by Luftwaffe bombing during the war, almost half of them in the capital, where more than a million houses were destroyed or damaged.

In early July 1940, the German High Command began planning Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or do much damage to the war economy; eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British war production, which continued to increase. The greatest effect was to force the British to disperse the production of aircraft and spare parts. British wartime studies concluded that cities generally took 10 to 15 days to recover when hit severely, but exceptions like Birmingham took three months.

The German air offensive failed because the Luftwaffe High Command (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, OKL) did not develop a methodical strategy for destroying British war industry. Poor intelligence about British industry and economic efficiency led to OKL concentrating on tactics rather than strategy. The bombing effort was diluted by attacks against several sets of industries instead of constant pressure on the most vital.

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 خلفية

 لوفت‌ڤافه والقصف الاستراتيجي

المقالة الرئيسية: قصف استراتيجي

General Walther Wever

 هتلر، گورينگ والقوة الجوية

Hitler and Göring, March 1938

 معركة بريطانيا

المقالة الرئيسية: معركة بريطانيا

RAF pilots with one of their Hawker Hurricanes, October 1940

 الدفاع المدني

 التجهيزات ومخاوف ما قبل الحرب

Barrage balloons flying over central London

 الملاجئ الجماعية

Aldwych tube station being used as a bomb shelter in 1940

A young woman plays a gramophone in an air raid shelter in north London during 1940.

 "روح البليتز"

Office workers make their way to work through debris after a heavy air raid.

 التعبئة المدنية

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 الدفاع الليلي للقوات الجوية البريطانية قبل الحرب

انظر أيضاً: الحرب المضادة للطائرات

 التكنولوجيا

 أجهزة الملاحة الليلية الألمانية

المقالة الرئيسية: معركة الأشعة

Map of Knickebein transmitters

 المرحلة الأولى

 Loge and Seeschlange

Smoke rising from fires in the London docks, following bombing on 7 September

The aftermath of a 9 September 1940 air raid on London

Bomb damage to a street in Birmingham after an air raid

Firefighters tackling a blaze amongst ruined buildings after an air raid on London

 تحسينات في الدفاعات البريطانية

An anti-aircraft searchlight and crew at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, 17 April 1940

3.7-inch anti-aircraft guns in Hyde Park London

Boulton Paul Defiant night fighter N1671

 المرحلة الثانية

 الهجمات الليلية

Coventry city centre following the 14/15 November 1940 raid

View from St. Paul's Cathedral after the Blitz

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 القصف الاستراتيجي أو "المرعب"

Children in the East End of London, made homeless by the Blitz

 الهجمات الأخيرة

 الموانئ البريطانية

Liverpool city centre after heavy bombing

Firefighters at work amongst burning buildings, during the large raid of 10/11 May

 التبعات

 فعالية القصف

مؤشر الخسائر البريطانية
سبتمبر 1940 – مايو 1941

الشهر	النتئجة
1940
سبتمبر	217
أكتوبر	245
نوفمبر	242
ديسمبر	239
1941
يناير	244
فبراير	266
مارس	303
أبريل	284
مايو	319

 تقييم القوات الجوية البريطانية

People in London look at a map illustrating how the RAF is striking back at Germany during 1940

 الصورة الشعبية والپروپاگندا

Women salvaging possessions from their bombed house, including plants and a clock

 جداول

 إحصائيات غارة القصف

الغارات الكبيرة والحمولات المتفجرة المجمعة

المدينة	طن	الغارات
لندن	18,291	71
Liverpool/ Merseyside	1,957	8
Birmingham	1,852	8
Glasgow/ Clydeside	1,329	5
Plymouth	1,228	8
Bristol	919	6
Exeter	75	19
Coventry	818	2
Portsmouth	687	3
Southampton	647	4
Hull	593	3
Manchester	578	3
Belfast	440	2
Sheffield	355	2
Sunderland	155	1
Nottingham	137	1
Cardiff	115	1

 الطلعات الجوية

البليتز: الطلعات الجوية Luftwaffe المقدرة

الشهر/السنة	الطلعات النهارية (الخسائر)	الطلعات الليلية (الخسائر)	طلعات Luftflotte 2	طلعات Luftflotte 3	الهجمات الرئيسية	الهجمات الثقيلة
أكتوبر 1940	2,300 (79)	5,900 (23)	2,400	3,500	25	4
نوفمبر 1940	925 (65)	6,125 (48)	1,600	4,525	23	2
ديسمبر 1940	650 (24)	3,450 (44)	700	2,750	11	5
يناير 1941	675 (7)	2,050 (22)	450	1,600	7	6
فبراير 1941	500 (9)	1,450 (18)	475	975	–	2
مارس 1941	800 (8)	4,275 (46)	1,625	2,650	12	3
أبريل 1941	800 (9)	5,250 (58)	1,500	3,750	16	5
مايو 1941	200 (3)	3,800 (55)	1,300	2,500	11	3

 انظر أيضاً

• Baedeker Blitz
• Big Week
• Bombing of Dresden in World War II
• Bombing of Dublin in World War II
• Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II
• Operation Steinbock
• Operation Gisela
• V-1 flying bomb
• V-2 rocket

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 قراءات إضافية

• Allwright, Lucy (2011). The War on London: Defending the City From the War in the Air: 1932–1942. wrap.warwick.ac.uk (PhD). Coventry: University of Warwick. OCLC 921053410. قالب:EThOS. Retrieved 2 June 2017. قالب:Free access
• Flinn, Catherine. Rebuilding Britain's Blitzed Cities: Hopeful Dreams, Stark Realities (Bloomsbury Academic, 2019) online review

 وصلات خارجية

• The Blitz Original reports and pictures from The Times
• Parliament & The Blitz – UK Parliament Living Heritage
• "London Blitz 1940: the first day's bomb attacks listed in full". The Guardian. 6 September 2010.
• Archive recordings from The Blitz, 1940–41 (audiobook)
• The Blitz: Sorting the Myth from the Reality, BBC History
• Exploring 20th century London – The Blitz Objects and photographs from the collections of the Museum of London, London Transport Museum, Jewish Museum and Museum of Croydon
• Liverpool Blitz Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz
• First Hand Accounts of the Blitz StoryVault Oral History Project
• Forgotten Voices of the Blitz and the Battle for Britain
• War and peace and the price of cat fish World War II diary of resident in south-west London.
• Oral history interview with Barry Fulford, recalling his childhood during the Blitz from the Veteran's History Project at Central Connecticut State University
• Interactive bombing map of London
• Interactive bombing map of Buckinghamshire
• Childhood Wartime memories, from "Memoro – The Bank of Memories" (Joy Irvin)
• [2] The Blitz Companion – open access book considering the Blitz in context of aerial warfare since 1911