قشرة قارية
قشرة قاريةContinental crust، نوع من قشرة الأرض في القارات والرفوف القارية، وسمكها حوالي 30 كم وقد يصل إلى 70 كم تحت سلاسل الجبال. وتبلغ كثافتها 2.7 جم/سم3، وسرعة الموجات الزلزالية التضاغطية حوالي 7 كم/ث.[1]
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الأهمية
الأصل
Forces at work
انظر أيضا
الهوامش
المصادر
- Armstrong, R.L. (1991). "The Persistent Myth of Crustal Growth" (PDF). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (38): 613–630.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bowring, S A; Williams, I S (1999). "Priscoan (4.00-4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (134): 3–16. Bibcode:1999CoMP..134....3B. doi:10.1007/s004100050465.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Butler, Rob (2011). "Making new continents". Retrieved 29 يناير 2006.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Cogley, J. Graham (1984). "Continental Margins and the Extent and Number of Continents". Reviews of Geophysics. 22 (2): 101–122. Bibcode:1984RvGSP..22..101C. doi:10.1029/RG022i002p00101.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Condie, Kent C. (2002). "The supercontinent cycle: are there two patterns of cyclicity?". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 35 (2): 179–183. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00005-2.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Clift, P; Vannuchi, P (2004). "Controls on Tectonic Accretion versus Erosion in Subduction Zones: Implications for the Origin and Recycling of the Continental Crust". Reviews of Geophysics. 42 (RG2001). Bibcode:2004RvGeo..42.2001C. doi:10.1029/2003RG000127.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hawkesworth, C.J.; Dhuime, B.; Pietranik, A.B.; Cawood, P.A. (2010). "The generation and evolution of the continental crust". Journal of the Geological Society. London. 167: 229–248. doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-072.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Saal, A.L.; Rudnick, R.L.; Ravizza, G.E.; Hart, S.R. (1998). "Re–Os isotope evidence for the composition, formation and age of the lower continental crust". Nature. 393 (6680): 58–61. doi:10.1038/29966.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Walther, John Victor (2005). Essentials Of Geochemistry. Jones & Bartlett. p. 35. ISBN 0-7637-2642-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) (Diagram entitled "Model of growth of continental crust through time" by Taylor, S.R.; McLennan, S.M. (1995). "The geochemical evolution of the continental crust". Rev. Geophys. 33: 241–265. Bibcode:1995RvGeo..33..241T. doi:10.1029/95RG00262.{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)) - von Huene, Roland; Scholl, David W. (1991). "Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust". Reviews of Geophysics. 29: 279–316. Bibcode:1991RvGeo..29..279V. doi:10.1029/91RG00969.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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