قائمة الخضاب غير العضوية
The following list includes commercially or artistically important inorganic pigments of natural and synthetic origin.[1]
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Purple pigments
Aluminum pigments
- Ultramarine violet (PV15 [ك]): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral.
Copper pigments
- Han purple: BaCuSi2O6.
Cobalt pigments
- Cobalt violet (PV14 [ك]): Co3(PO4)2.
Manganese pigments
- Manganese violet: NH4MnP2O7 (PV16 [ك]) manganic ammonium pyrophosphate.[2]
Gold pigments
- Purple of Cassius: Gold nanoparticles suspended in tin dioxide - Aux • SnO2.
Blue pigments
Aluminum pigments
- Ultramarine (PB29 [ك]): a synthetic or naturally occurring sulfur containing silicate mineral - Na 8–10Al 6Si 6O 24S 2–4 (generalized formula)
- Persian blue: made by grinding up the mineral Lapis lazuli. The most important mineral component of lapis lazuli is lazurite (25% to 40%), a feldspathoid silicate mineral with the formula (Na,Ca) 8(AlSiO 4) 6(S,SO 4,Cl) 1–2.
Cobalt pigments
- Cobalt blue (PB28 [ك]): cobalt(II) aluminate.
- Cerulean blue (PB35 [ك]): cobalt(II) stannate.
- Cerium uranium blue
Copper pigments
- Egyptian blue: a synthetic pigment of calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10). Thought to be the first synthetically produced pigment.
- Han blue: BaCuSi4O10.
- Azurite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2).
- Basic copper carbonate: Cu2(OH)2CO3.
Iron pigments
- Prussian blue (PB27 [ك]): a synthetic inert pigment made of iron and cyanide: C18Fe7N18.
Manganese pigments
- YInMn Blue: a synthetic pigment discovered in 2009 (YIn1−xMnxO3).[3]
- Manganese blue: barium manganate(VI) sulfate.
Green pigments
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium green: a light green pigment consisting of a mixture of cadmium yellow (CdS) and chrome green (Cr2O3).
Chromium pigments
- Chrome green (PG17 [ك]): anhydrous chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3).
- Viridian (PG18 [ك]): hydrated chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3 • xH2O.
Cobalt pigments
- Cobalt green: also known as Rinman's green or zinc green (CoZnO2).
Copper pigments
- Malachite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu2CO3(OH)2).
- Scheele's Green (also called Schloss green): cupric arsenite (CuHAsO3).
Other pigments
- Green earth: also known as terre verte and Verona green (K[(Al,Fe3+
),(Fe2+
,Mg](AlSi
3,Si
4)O
10(OH)
2).
Yellow pigments
Arsenic pigments
- Orpiment: natural monoclinic arsenic sulfide (As
2S
3).
Bismuth pigments
- Primrose yellow (PY184): bismuth vanadate (BiVO
4).
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium yellow (PY37): cadmium sulfide (CdS), which also occurs as the mineral greenockite.
Chromium pigments
- Chrome yellow or crocoite (PY34 [ك]): lead chromate (PbCrO
4).
Cobalt pigments
Iron pigments
- Yellow ochre (PY43 [ك]): a naturally occurring clay of monohydrated ferric oxide (Fe
2O
3·H2O).
Lead pigments
- Naples yellow (PY41).
- Lead-tin-yellow: PbSnO
4 or Pb(Sn,Si)O
3.
Strontium pigments
- Strontium yellow (PY32 [ك]): SrCrO
4
Titanium pigments
- Titanium yellow (PY53): NiO·[[Sb
2O
3]]·20[[TiO
2]]
Tin pigments
- Mosaic gold: stannic sulfide (SnS2).
Zinc pigments
- Zinc yellow (PY36 [ك]): zinc chromate (ZnCrO
4), a highly toxic substance with anti-corrosive properties which was historically most often used to paint over metals.
Orange pigments
Bismuth pigments
- Bismuth vanadate orange (PO86 [ك]): non-toxic pigment similar to vermilion.
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium orange (PO20 [ك]): an intermediate between cadmium red and cadmium yellow: cadmium sulfoselenide.
Chromium pigments
- Chrome orange: a now obscure pigment composed of a mixture of lead chromate and lead(II) oxide (PbCrO4•PbO).
Red pigments
Arsenic pigments
- Realgar: As4S4 - a highly toxic natural pigment.
Cadmium pigments
- Cadmium red (PR108): cadmium sulfo-selenide (Cd2SSe).
Cerium pigments
- Cerium sulfide red (PR265).
Iron oxide pigments
- Sanguine, Caput mortuum, Indian red, Venetian red, oxide red (PR102).
- Red ochre (PR102 [ك]): anhydrous Fe2O3.
- Burnt sienna (PBr7 [ك]): a pigment produced by heating raw sienna.
Lead pigments
- Minium (pigment): also known as red lead, lead tetroxide, Pb3O4.
Mercury pigments
Brown pigments
Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides)
- Raw umber (PBr7 [ك]): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe2O3 + MnO2 + nH2O + SiO2 + Al2O3. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as burnt umber and has more intense colors.
- Raw sienna (PBr7 [ك]): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment from limonite clay. Used in art since prehistoric times.
Black pigments
Carbonaceous pigments
- Carbon black (PBk7 [ك]).
- Ivory black (PBk9 [ك]).
- Vine black (PBk8 [ك]).
- Lamp black (PBk6 [ك]).
Iron pigments
- Mars black or Iron black (PBk11 [ك]) (C.I. No.77499) Synthetic magnetite Fe3O4.
Manganese pigments
- Manganese dioxide: blackish or brown in color, used since prehistoric times (MnO2).
Titanium pigments
- Titanium black: Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3).
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White pigments
Antimony pigment
- Antimony white: antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3).
Barium pigments
- Barium sulfate (PW5 [ك] or baryte): barium sulfate (BaSO4).
- Lithopone: BaSO4•ZnS.
Lead pigment
- Cremnitz white (PW1 [ك]): basic lead(II) carbonate ((PbCO
3)
2·Pb(OH)
2).
Titanium pigment
- Titanium white (PW6 [ك]): titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2).
Zinc pigments
- Zinc white (PW4 [ك]): zinc oxide (ZnO).
- Sachtolith: zinc sulfide (ZnS).
Fluorescent pigments
- Uranium salts.
Safety
A number of pigments, especially traditional ones, contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium that are highly toxic. The use of these pigments is now highly restricted in many countries.[1]
See also
References
- ^ أ ب Völz, Hans G.; et al. "Pigments, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|authors=(help). - ^ Müller, Hugo; Müller, Wolfgang; Wehner, Manfred; Liewald, Heike. "Artists' Colors". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_143.pub2.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|authors=(help) - ^ Smith, Andrew E.; Mizoguchi, Hiroshi; Delaney, Kris; Spaldin, Nicola A.; Sleight, Arthur W.; Subramanian, M. A. (2009). "Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. PMID 19899792.
External links
"Mineral Paints". New International Encyclopedia. {{{year}}}.