قائمة الأعضاء اليهود في الكونجرس الأمريكي
This is a list of Jewish members of the United States Congress. اعتبارا من 2023[تحديث], there are nine Jewish senators and 26 Jewish members of the House of Representatives serving in the United States Congress.
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Senate
Senator | Party | State | Term | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | Length of service (days) | ||||||
David Levy Yulee[أ] | Democratic | Florida | July 1, 1845 | March 4, 1851 | (5 years, 246 days) |
2٬072Lost renomination[2] | ||
March 4, 1855 | January 21, 1861 | (5 years, 323 days) |
2٬150Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Florida from the Union[2] | |||||
Judah P. Benjamin | Whig (1853–1856) |
Louisiana | March 4, 1853 | February 4, 1861 | (7 years, 337 days) |
2٬894Withdrew from the Senate in 1861 following the secession of Louisiana from the Union[3] | ||
Democratic (1856–1861) | ||||||||
Benjamin F. Jonas | Democratic | Louisiana | March 4, 1879 | March 4, 1885 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬164Lost renomination[4] | ||
Joseph Simon | Republican | Oregon | October 7, 1898 | March 4, 1903 | (4 years, 148 days) |
1٬608Retired[5] | ||
Isidor Rayner | Democratic | Maryland | March 4, 1905 | November 25, 1912 | (7 years, 266 days) |
2٬823Died in office[6] | ||
Simon Guggenheim | Republican | Colorado | March 4, 1907 | March 4, 1913 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Retired[7] | ||
Herbert H. Lehman | Democratic | New York | November 9, 1949 | January 3, 1957 | (7 years, 55 days) |
2٬612Retired[8] | ||
Richard L. Neuberger | Democratic | Oregon | January 3, 1955 | March 9, 1960 | (5 years, 66 days) |
1٬892Died in office[9] | ||
Jacob K. Javits | Republican | New York | January 9, 1957 | January 3, 1981 | (23 years, 360 days) |
8٬760Lost reelection as Liberal Party nominee after having lost Republican Party renomination[10] | ||
Ernest Gruening | Democratic | Alaska | January 3, 1959 | January 3, 1969 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Lost renomination Lost write-in reelection[11] | ||
Abraham A. Ribicoff | Democratic | Connecticut | January 3, 1963 | January 3, 1981 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬575Retired[12] | ||
Howard Metzenbaum | Democratic | Ohio | January 4, 1974 | December 23, 1974 | (353 days) |
353Resigned to permit governor to appoint winner of general election, after previously having lost renomination for new term[13] | ||
December 29, 1976 | January 3, 1995 | (18 years, 5 days) |
6٬579Retired[13] | |||||
Richard Stone | Democratic | Florida | January 1, 1975 | December 31, 1980 | (5 years, 365 days) |
2٬191Lost renomination[14] | ||
Edward Zorinsky | Democratic | Nebraska | December 28, 1976 | March 6, 1987 | (10 years, 68 days) |
3٬720Died in office [15] | ||
Rudy Boschwitz | Republican | Minnesota | December 30, 1978 | January 3, 1991 | (12 years, 4 days) |
4٬387Lost reelection[16] | ||
William Cohen | Republican | Maine | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1997 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬575Retired[2] | ||
Carl Levin | Democratic | Michigan | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 2015 | (36 years, 0 day) |
13٬149Retired[17] | ||
Warren Rudman | Republican | New Hampshire | December 29, 1980 | January 3, 1993 | (12 years, 5 days) |
4٬388Retired[18] | ||
Arlen Specter | Republican (1981–2009) |
Pennsylvania | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 2011 | (30 years, 0 day) |
10٬957Lost renomination by the Democratic Party, to which he had switched the prior year.[19] | ||
Democratic (2009–2011) | ||||||||
Frank Lautenberg | Democratic | New Jersey | December 27, 1982 | January 3, 2001 | (18 years, 7 days) |
6٬582Retired[20] | ||
January 3, 2003 | June 3, 2013 | (10 years, 151 days) |
3٬804Died in office[20] | |||||
Chic Hecht | Republican | Nevada | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1989 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Lost reelection[21] | ||
Herb Kohl | Democratic | Wisconsin | January 3, 1989 | January 3, 2013 | (24 years, 0 day) |
8٬766Retired[22] | ||
Joe Lieberman | Democratic (1989–2006) |
Connecticut | January 3, 1989 | January 3, 2013 | (24 years, 0 day) |
8٬766Lost renomination, but re-elected on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket in 2006 Retired[23] | ||
Independent (2006–2013) | ||||||||
Paul Wellstone | Democratic (DFL) | Minnesota | January 3, 1991 | October 25, 2002 | (11 years, 295 days) |
4٬313Died in office[24] | ||
Dianne Feinstein | Democratic | California | November 10, 1992 | September 29, 2023 | (30 years, 323 days) |
11٬279Died in office[25] | ||
Barbara Boxer | Democratic | California | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2017 | (24 years, 0 day) |
8٬766Retired[26] | ||
Russ Feingold | Democratic | Wisconsin | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2011 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬574Lost reelection[27] | ||
Ron Wyden | Democratic | Oregon | February 6, 1996 | Incumbent | (28 years, 281 days) |
10٬508[28] | ||
Chuck Schumer | Democratic | New York | January 3, 1999 | Incumbent | (25 years, 315 days) |
9٬446First Jewish Senate Majority Leader and Senate Minority Leader[29] | ||
Norm Coleman | Republican | Minnesota | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2009 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Lost reelection[30] | ||
Ben Cardin | Democratic | Maryland | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | (17 years, 315 days) |
6٬524[31] | ||
Bernie Sanders | Independent | Vermont | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | (17 years, 315 days) |
6٬524Elected as an Independent. Began identifying alternately as an Independent or Democrat while running in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries. Officially joined the Democratic Party after signing a declaratory pledge, but kept his independent affiliation in the Senate.[32] | ||
Al Franken | Democratic (DFL) | Minnesota | July 7, 2009 | January 2, 2018 | (8 years, 179 days) |
3٬101Resigned[33] | ||
Michael Bennet | Democratic | Colorado | January 21, 2009 | Incumbent | (15 years, 297 days) |
5٬775[34] | ||
Richard Blumenthal | Democratic | Connecticut | January 3, 2011 | Incumbent | (13 years, 315 days) |
5٬063[35] | ||
Brian Schatz | Democratic | Hawaii | December 26, 2012 | Incumbent | (11 years, 323 days) |
4٬340[36] | ||
Jacky Rosen | Democratic | Nevada | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | (5 years, 315 days) |
2٬141[37] | ||
Jon Ossoff | Democratic | Georgia | January 20, 2021 | Incumbent | (3 years, 298 days) |
1٬393
Elected to the Senate, but not seated
Senator-elect | Party | State | Year elected | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michael Hahn | Republican | Louisiana | 1865 | Not seated due to policy of Radical Republicans not to seat any senators-elect from former Confederate states until a Reconstruction plan had been adopted[38] |
List of states represented by Jewish senators
Twenty-two states have been represented by Jewish senators. As of October 3, 2023, nine states are represented by Jewish senators.
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Concurrently serving Jewish senators from the same state
State | Start date | End date | Duration | Senior senator | Junior senator | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
California | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2017 | (24 years, 0 day) |
8٬766 daysDianne Feinstein (D) | Barbara Boxer (D) | ||
Wisconsin | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2011 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬574 daysHerb Kohl (D) | Russ Feingold (D) | ||
Connecticut | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731 daysJoe Lieberman (I) | Richard Blumenthal (D) |
Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees
Incumbent senators are in bold.
Elections with two Jewish major-party nominees | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Election year | State | Winner | Second-place finisher | |
1990 | Maine | William Cohen | Neil Rolde | |
Minnesota | Paul Wellstone | Rudy Boschwitz | ||
1992 | California | Barbara Boxer | Bruce Herschensohn | |
1996 | Minnesota | Paul Wellstone | Rudy Boschwitz | |
2008 | Minnesota | Al Franken | Norm Coleman | |
New Jersey | Frank Lautenberg | Dick Zimmer | ||
2022 | Connecticut | Richard Blumenthal | Leora Levy |
Timeline
House of Representatives
Representative | Party | District | Term | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | Length of service (days) | ||||||
Lewis Charles Levin | American (Know Nothing) | PA-01 | March 4, 1845 | March 4, 1851 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Lost reelection[39] | ||
Emanuel B. Hart | Democratic | NY-03 | March 4, 1851 | March 4, 1853 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost renomination[40] | ||
Philip Phillips | Democratic | AL-01 | March 4, 1853 | March 4, 1855 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Retired[41] | ||
Henry Myer Phillips | Democratic | PA-04 | March 4, 1857 | March 4, 1859 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[42] | ||
Michael Hahn | Unionist | LA-02 | December 3, 1862 | March 4, 1863 | (91 days) |
91Retired[38] | ||
Republican | March 4, 1885 | March 15, 1886 | (1 years, 11 days) |
376Died in office[38] | ||||
Leonard Myers | Republican | PA-03 | March 4, 1863 | March 3, 1875 | (11 years, 364 days) |
4٬382Lost reelection[43] | ||
Myer Strouse | Democratic | PA-10 | March 4, 1863 | March 4, 1867 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired[44] | ||
William M. Levy | Democratic | LA-04 | March 4, 1875 | March 4, 1877 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[45] | ||
Leopold Morse | Democratic | MA-04 (from 1877) MA-05 (from 1883) |
March 4, 1877 | March 4, 1885 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Retired[46] | ||
MA-03 | March 4, 1887 | March 4, 1889 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Retired[46] | ||||
Edwin Einstein | Republican | NY-07 | March 4, 1879 | March 4, 1881 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Retired[47] | ||
Julius Houseman | Democratic | MI-05 | March 4, 1883 | March 4, 1885 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Retired[48] | ||
Joseph Pulitzer | Democratic | NY-09 | March 4, 1885 | April 10, 1886 | (1 years, 37 days) |
402Resigned[49] | ||
Isidor Rayner | Democratic | MD-04 | March 4, 1887 | March 4, 1889 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[6] | ||
March 4, 1891 | March 4, 1895 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired | |||||
Nathan Frank | Republican | MO-09 | March 4, 1889 | March 4, 1891 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Retired[50] | ||
Adolph Meyer | Democratic | LA-01 | March 4, 1891 | March 8, 1908 | (17 years, 4 days) |
6٬213Died in office[51] | ||
Julius Goldzier | Democratic | IL-04 | March 4, 1893 | March 4, 1895 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[52] | ||
Isidor Straus | Democratic | NY-15 | January 30, 1894 | March 4, 1895 | (1 years, 33 days) |
398Retired[52] | ||
Israel F. Fischer | Republican | NY-04 | March 4, 1895 | March 4, 1899 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[53] | ||
Lucius Littauer | Republican | NY-22 (from 1897) NY-25 (from 1903) |
March 4, 1897 | March 4, 1907 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬651Retired[54] | ||
Julius Kahn | Republican | CA-04 | March 4, 1899 | March 4, 1903 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬460Lost reelection[55] | ||
March 4, 1905 | December 18, 1924 | (19 years, 289 days) |
7٬229Died in office[55] | |||||
Jefferson Monroe Levy | Democratic | NY-13 | March 4, 1899 | March 4, 1901 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Retired[56] | ||
NY-13 (from 1911) NY-14 (from 1913) |
March 4, 1911 | March 4, 1915 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired[56] | ||||
Mitchell May | Democratic | NY-06 | March 4, 1899 | March 4, 1901 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[57] | ||
Henry M. Goldfogle | Democratic | NY-09 (from 1901) NY-12 (from 1913) |
March 4, 1901 | March 4, 1915 | (14 years, 0 day) |
5٬113Lost reelection[58] | ||
NY-12 | March 4, 1919 | March 4, 1921 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[58] | ||||
Montague Lessler | Republican | NY-07 | January 7, 1902 | March 4, 1903 | (1 years, 56 days) |
421Lost reelection[59] | ||
Martin Emerich | Democratic | IL-01 | March 4, 1903 | March 4, 1905 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Retired[60] | ||
Adolph J. Sabath | Democratic | IL-05 (from 1907) IL-07 (from 1949) |
March 4, 1907 | November 6, 1952 | (45 years, 247 days) |
16٬684Died in office[61] | ||
Harry Benjamin Wolf | Democratic | MD-03 | March 4, 1907 | March 4, 1909 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[62] | ||
Victor L. Berger | Socialist | WI-05 | March 4, 1911 | March 4, 1913 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[63] | ||
March 4, 1919 | November 10, 1919 | (251 days) |
251House refused to seat due to conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917[63] | |||||
March 4, 1923 | March 4, 1929 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Lost reelection[63] | |||||
Jacob A. Cantor | Democratic | NY-20 | November 4, 1913 | March 4, 1915 | (1 years, 120 days) |
485Lost reelection[64] | ||
Isaac Bacharach | Republican | NJ-02 | March 4, 1915 | January 3, 1937 | (21 years, 305 days) |
7٬976Lost reelection[65] | ||
Meyer London | Socialist | NY-12 | March 4, 1915 | March 4, 1919 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[66] | ||
March 4, 1921 | March 4, 1923 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[66] | |||||
Isaac Siegel | Republican | NY-20 | March 4, 1915 | March 4, 1923 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Retired[67] | ||
Milton Kraus | Republican | IN-11 | March 4, 1917 | March 4, 1923 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Lost reelection[68] | ||
Nathan D. Perlman | Republican | NY-14 | November 2, 1920 | March 4, 1927 | (6 years, 122 days) |
2٬313Lost reelection[69] | ||
Lester D. Volk | Republican | NY-10 | November 2, 1920 | March 4, 1923 | (2 years, 122 days) |
852Retired[70] | ||
Martin C. Ansorge | Republican | NY-21 | March 4, 1921 | March 4, 1923 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[71] | ||
Benjamin L. Rosenbloom | Republican | WV-01 | March 4, 1921 | March 4, 1925 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for United States Senate[72] | ||
Albert B. Rossdale | Republican | NY-23 | March 4, 1921 | March 4, 1923 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[73] | ||
Sol Bloom | Democratic | NY-19 (from 1923) NY-20 (from 1945) |
January 30, 1923 | March 7, 1949 | (26 years, 36 days) |
9٬533Died in office[74] | ||
Emanuel Celler | Democratic | NY (several) | March 4, 1923 | January 3, 1973 | (49 years, 305 days) |
18٬203Lost renomination[75] | ||
Samuel Dickstein | Democratic | NY-12 (from 1923) NY-19 (from 1945) |
March 4, 1923 | December 30, 1945 | (22 years, 301 days) |
8٬337Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court[76] | ||
Meyer Jacobstein | Democratic | NY-38 | March 4, 1923 | March 4, 1929 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Retired[77] | ||
Benjamin M. Golder | Republican | PA-04 | March 4, 1925 | March 4, 1933 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Lost reelection[78] | ||
Florence Prag Kahn | Republican | CA-04 | March 4, 1925 | January 3, 1937 | (11 years, 305 days) |
4٬323Lost reelection[79] | ||
William W. Cohen | Democratic | NY-17 | March 4, 1927 | March 4, 1929 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Retired[80] | ||
William I. Sirovich | Democratic | NY-14 | March 4, 1927 | December 17, 1939 | (10 years, 288 days) |
4٬671Died in office[81] | ||
Henry Ellenbogen | Democratic | PA-33 | March 4, 1933 | January 3, 1938 | (4 years, 305 days) |
1٬766Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[82] | ||
Herman P. Kopplemann | Democratic | CT-01 | March 4, 1933 | January 3, 1939 | (5 years, 305 days) |
2٬131Lost reelection[83] | ||
January 3, 1941 | January 3, 1943 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[83] | |||||
January 3, 1945 | January 3, 1947 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[83] | |||||
Theodore A. Peyser | Democratic | NY-17 | March 4, 1933 | August 8, 1937 | (4 years, 157 days) |
1٬618Died in office[84] | ||
William M. Citron | Democratic | CT-AL | January 3, 1935 | January 3, 1939 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[85] | ||
Leon Sacks | Democratic | PA-01 | January 3, 1937 | January 3, 1943 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Lost reelection[86] | ||
Morris Michael Edelstein | Democratic | NY-14 | February 6, 1940 | June 4, 1941 | (1 years, 118 days) |
484Died in office[87] | ||
Samuel A. Weiss | Democratic | PA (several) | January 3, 1941 | January 7, 1946 | (5 years, 4 days) |
1٬830Resigned to take seat on the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[88] | ||
Arthur George Klein | Democratic | NY-14 | July 29, 1941 | January 3, 1945 | (3 years, 158 days) |
1٬254Retired[89] | ||
NY-19 | February 19, 1946 | December 31, 1956 | (10 years, 316 days) |
3٬968Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[89] | ||||
Daniel Ellison | Republican | MD-04 | January 3, 1943 | January 3, 1945 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[90] | ||
Benjamin J. Rabin | Democratic | NY-24 | January 3, 1945 | December 31, 1947 | (2 years, 362 days) |
1٬092Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[91] | ||
Leo F. Rayfiel | Democratic | NY-14 | January 3, 1945 | September 13, 1947 | (2 years, 253 days) |
983Resigned to take seat on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York to which he had been appointed and confirmed[92] | ||
Jacob K. Javits | Republican | NY-21 | January 3, 1947 | December 31, 1954 | (7 years, 362 days) |
2٬919Resigned to become New York Attorney General[10] | ||
Abraham J. Multer | Democratic | NY-14 (from 1947) NY-13 (from 1953) |
November 4, 1947 | December 31, 1967 | (20 years, 57 days) |
7٬362Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[93] | ||
Leo Isacson | American Labor | NY-24 | February 17, 1948 | January 3, 1949 | (321 days) |
321Lost reelection[94] | ||
Earl Chudoff | Democratic | PA-04 | January 3, 1949 | January 5, 1958 | (9 years, 2 days) |
3٬289Resigned to take seat on the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas to which he had been elected[95] | ||
Isidore Dollinger | Democratic | NY-26 | January 3, 1949 | December 31, 1959 | (10 years, 362 days) |
4٬014Resigned to become Bronx County District Attorney[96] | ||
Abraham A. Ribicoff | Democratic | CT-01 | January 3, 1949 | January 3, 1953 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[12] | ||
Sidney R. Yates | Democratic | IL-09 | January 3, 1949 | January 3, 1963 | (14 years, 0 day) |
5٬113Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[97] | ||
January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1999 | (34 years, 0 day) |
12٬418Retired[97] | |||||
Leonard Irving | Democratic | MO-04 | January 3, 1949 | January 3, 1953 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost renomination[98] | ||
Louis B. Heller | Democratic | NY-07 (from 1949) NY-08 (from 1953) |
February 15, 1949 | July 21, 1954 | (5 years, 156 days) |
1٬982Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of Special Sessions.[99] | ||
Sidney A. Fine | Democratic | NY-23 (from 1951) NY-22 (from 1953) |
January 3, 1951 | January 2, 1956 | (4 years, 364 days) |
1٬825Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court[100] | ||
Samuel Friedel | Democratic | MD-07 | January 3, 1953 | January 3, 1971 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬574Lost renomination[101] | ||
Lester Holtzman | Democratic | NY-06 | January 3, 1953 | December 31, 1961 | (8 years, 362 days) |
3٬284Resigned to take seat on the New York Supreme Court to which he had been elected[102] | ||
Irwin D. Davidson | Democratic | NY-20 | January 3, 1955 | December 31, 1956 | (1 years, 363 days) |
728Resigned to take seat on the New York Court of General Sessions.[103] | ||
Herbert Zelenko | Democratic | NY-21 | January 3, 1955 | January 3, 1963 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Lost renomination[104] | ||
Leonard Farbstein | Democratic | NY-19 | January 3, 1957 | January 3, 1971 | (14 years, 0 day) |
5٬113Lost renomination[105] | ||
Ludwig Teller | Democratic | NY-20 | January 3, 1957 | January 3, 1961 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost renomination[106] | ||
Seymour Halpern | Republican | NY-04 (from 1959) NY-06 (from 1963) |
January 3, 1959 | January 3, 1973 | (14 years, 0 day) |
5٬114Retired[107] | ||
Herman Toll | Democratic | PA-06 (from 1959) PA-04 (from 1963) |
January 3, 1959 | January 3, 1967 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Retired[108] | ||
Jacob H. Gilbert | Democratic | NY-23 (from 1960) NY-22 (from 1963) |
March 8, 1960 | January 3, 1971 | (10 years, 301 days) |
3٬953Lost renomination[109] | ||
Charles Samuel Joelson | Democratic | NJ-08 | January 3, 1961 | September 4, 1969 | (8 years, 244 days) |
2٬801Resigned to take seat on the New Jersey Superior Court to which he had been appointed[110] | ||
Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal | Democratic | NY (several) | February 20, 1962 | January 4, 1983 | (20 years, 318 days) |
7٬623Died in office[111] | ||
Richard Ottinger | Democratic | NY-25 | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1971 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[112] | ||
NY-24 (from 1975) NY-20 (from 1983) |
January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1985 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Retired[112] | ||||
Joseph Y. Resnick | Democratic | NY-28 | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1969 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for United States Senate[113] | ||
James H. Scheuer | Democratic | NY-21 | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1973 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Lost renomination[114] | ||
NY-11 | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1983 | (8 years, 0 day) |
6٬575Redistricted[114] | ||||
NY-08 | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Retired[114] | |||||
Herbert Tenzer | Democratic | NY-05 | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1969 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired[115] | ||
Lester L. Wolff | Democratic | NY-03 (from 1965) NY-06 (from 1973) |
January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1981 | (16 years, 0 day) |
5٬844Lost reelection[116] | ||
Joshua Eilberg | Democratic | PA-04 | January 3, 1967 | January 3, 1979 | (12 years, 0 day) |
4٬383Lost reelection[117] | ||
Sam Steiger | Republican | AZ-03 | January 3, 1967 | January 3, 1977 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[118] | ||
Bertram L. Podell | Democratic | NY-13 | February 20, 1968 | January 3, 1975 | (6 years, 317 days) |
2٬509Lost renomination[119] | ||
Ed Koch | Democratic | NY-17 (from 1969) NY-18 (from 1973) |
January 3, 1969 | December 31, 1977 | (8 years, 362 days) |
3٬284Resigned to become Mayor of New York City[120] | ||
Allard K. Lowenstein | Democratic | NY-05 | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 1971 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[121] | ||
Abner J. Mikva | Democratic | IL-02 | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 1973 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[122] | ||
IL-10 | January 3, 1975 | September 26, 1979 | (4 years, 266 days) |
1٬727Resigned to take seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit to which he had been appointed and confirmed[122] | ||||
Bella Abzug | Democratic | NY-19 (from 1971) NY-20 (from 1973) |
January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1977 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[123] | ||
Benjamin Gilman | Republican | NY (several) | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 2003 | (30 years, 0 day) |
10٬957Retired[124] | ||
Elizabeth Holtzman | Democratic | NY-16 | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1981 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[125] | ||
William Lehman | Democratic | FL-13 (from 1973) FL-17 (from 1983) |
January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1993 | (20 years, 0 day) |
7٬305Retired[126] | ||
Edward Mezvinsky | Democratic | IA-01 | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1977 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[127] | ||
William Cohen | Republican | ME-2 | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1979 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Retired to run successfully for United States Senate[2][128] | ||
Bill Gradison | Republican | OH-01 (from 1975) OH-02 (from 1983) |
January 3, 1975 | January 31, 1993 | (18 years, 28 days) |
6٬603Resigned[129] | ||
John Hans Krebs | Democratic | CA-17 | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1979 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[130] | ||
Elliott H. Levitas | Democratic | GA-04 | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1985 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Lost reelection[131] | ||
Fred Richmond | Democratic | NY-14 | January 3, 1975 | August 25, 1982 | (7 years, 234 days) |
2٬791Resigned[132] | ||
Stephen Solarz | Democratic | NY-13 | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1993 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬575Lost renomination[133] | ||
Gladys Spellman | Democratic | MD-05 | January 3, 1975 | February 24, 1981 | (6 years, 52 days) |
2٬244Seat declared vacant after suffering a debilitating heart attack and becoming comatose[134] | ||
Henry Waxman | Democratic | CA (several) | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 2015 | (40 years, 0 day) |
14٬610Retired[135] | ||
Anthony Beilenson | Democratic | CA-23 (from 1977) CA-24 (from 1993) |
January 3, 1977 | January 3, 1997 | (20 years, 0 day) |
7٬305Retired[136] | ||
Mickey Edwards | Republican | OK-05 | January 3, 1977 | January 3, 1993 | (16 years, 0 day) |
5٬844Lost renomination[137] | ||
Dan Glickman | Democratic | KS-04 | January 3, 1977 | January 3, 1995 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬564Lost reelection[138] | ||
Marc L. Marks | Republican | PA-24 | January 3, 1977 | January 3, 1983 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Retired[139] | ||
Ted Weiss | Democratic | NY-20 (from 1977) NY-17 (from 1983) |
January 3, 1977 | September 14, 1992 | (15 years, 255 days) |
5٬733Died in office[140] | ||
Bill Green | Republican | NY-18 (from 1978) NY-15 (from 1983) |
February 14, 1978 | January 3, 1993 | (14 years, 324 days) |
5٬437Lost reelection[141] | ||
Martin Frost | Democratic | TX-24 | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 2005 | (26 years, 0 day) |
9٬497Lost reelection[142] | ||
Ken Kramer | Republican | CO-05 | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1987 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[143] | ||
Howard Wolpe | Democratic | MI-03 | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1993 | (14 years, 0 day) |
5٬114Retired[144] | ||
Bobbi Fiedler | Republican | CA-21 | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1987 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate[145] | ||
Barney Frank | Democratic | MA-04 | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 2013 | (32 years, 0 day) |
11٬688Retired[146] | ||
Sam Gejdenson | Democratic | CT-02 | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 2001 | (20 years, 0 day) |
7٬305Lost reelection[147] | ||
Tom Lantos | Democratic | CA-11 (from 1981) CA-12 (from 1993) |
January 3, 1981 | February 11, 2008 | (27 years, 39 days) |
9٬900Died in office. The only Holocaust survivor to have served in the United States Congress.[148] | ||
Chuck Schumer | Democratic | NY (several) | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1999 | (18 years, 0 day) |
6٬574Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[29] | ||
Bob Shamansky | Democratic | OH-12 | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1983 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[149] | ||
Ron Wyden | Democratic | OR-03 | January 3, 1981 | February 5, 1996 | (15 years, 33 days) |
5٬511Resigned after being elected to the United States Senate[28] | ||
Howard Berman | Democratic | CA-26 (from 1983) CA-28 (from 2003) |
January 3, 1983 | January 3, 2013 | (30 years, 0 day) |
10٬958Lost reelection[150] | ||
Barbara Boxer | Democratic | CA-06 | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[26] | ||
Ben Erdreich | Democratic | AL-06 | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Lost reelection[151] | ||
Sander Levin | Democratic | MI (several) | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 2019 | (36 years, 0 day) |
13٬149Retired[152] | ||
Mel Levine | Democratic | CA-27 | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[153] | ||
Norman Sisisky | Democratic | VA-04 | January 3, 1983 | March 29, 2001 | (18 years, 85 days) |
6٬600Died in office[154] | ||
Lawrence J. Smith | Democratic | FL-16 | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬653Retired[155] | ||
Gary Ackerman | Democratic | NY-07 (from 1983) NY-05 (from 1993) |
March 1, 1983 | January 3, 2013 | (30 years, 0 day) |
10٬958Retired[156] | ||
Sala Burton | Democratic | CA-05 | June 21, 1983 | February 1, 1987 | (3 years, 225 days) |
1٬321Died in office[157] | ||
John Miller | Republican | WA-01 | January 3, 1985 | January 3, 1993 | (8 years, 0 day) |
2٬922Retired[158] | ||
Ben Cardin | Democratic | MD-03 | January 3, 1987 | January 3, 2007 | (20 years, 0 day) |
7٬305Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[31] | ||
Eliot Engel | Democratic | NY (several) | January 3, 1989 | January 3, 2021 | (32 years, 0 day) |
11٬688Lost renomination[159] | ||
Nita Lowey | Democratic | NY (several) | January 3, 1989 | January 3, 2021 | (32 years, 0 day) |
11٬688Retired[160] | ||
Steven Schiff | Republican | NM-01 | January 3, 1989 | March 25, 1998 | (9 years, 81 days) |
3٬368Died in office[161] | ||
Bernie Sanders | Independent | VT-AL | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 2007 | (16 years, 0 day) |
5٬844Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[32] | ||
Dick Zimmer | Republican | NJ-12 | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1997 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬192Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[162] | ||
Jerrold Nadler | Democratic | NY (several) | November 3, 1992 | Incumbent[163] | (32 years, 10 days) |
11٬698|||
Sam Coppersmith | Democratic | AZ-01 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[164] | ||
Peter Deutsch | Democratic | FL-20 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2005 | (12 years, 0 day) |
4٬383Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate[165] | ||
Bob Filner | Democratic | CA-50 (from 1993) CA-51 (from 2003) |
January 3, 1993 | December 3, 2012 | (19 years, 335 days) |
7٬274Resigned to become Mayor of San Diego[166] | ||
Eric Fingerhut | Democratic | OH-19 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[167] | ||
Daniel Hamburg | Democratic | CA-01 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[168] | ||
Jane Harman | Democratic | CA-36 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1999 | (6 years, 0 day) |
2٬191Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of California[169] | ||
January 3, 2001 | February 28, 2011 | (10 years, 56 days) |
3٬708Resigned to head the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars[169] | |||||
Herb Klein | Democratic | NJ-08 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[170] | ||
David A. Levy | Republican | NY-04 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost renomination[171] | ||
Marjorie Margolies | Democratic | PA-13 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[172] | ||
Lynn Schenk | Democratic | CA-49 | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1995 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[173] | ||
Jon D. Fox | Republican | PA-13 | January 3, 1995 | January 3, 1999 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[174] | ||
Steve Rothman | Democratic | NJ-09 | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2013 | (16 years, 0 day) |
5٬844Lost renomination[175] | ||
Brad Sherman | Democratic | CA (several) | January 3, 1997 | Incumbent | (27 years, 315 days) |
10٬176[176] | ||
Robert Wexler | Democratic | FL-19 | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2010 | (13 years, 0 day) |
4٬748Resigned[177] | ||
Shelley Berkley | Democratic | NV-01 | January 3, 1999 | January 3, 2013 | (14 years, 0 day) |
5٬114Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[178] | ||
Jan Schakowsky | Democratic | IL-09 | January 3, 1999 | Incumbent | (25 years, 315 days) |
9٬446[179] | ||
Anthony Weiner | Democratic | NY-09 | January 3, 1999 | June 21, 2011 | (12 years, 169 days) |
4٬552Resigned[180] | ||
Eric Cantor | Republican | VA-07 | January 3, 2001 | August 18, 2014 | (13 years, 227 days) |
4٬975Resigned after having lost renomination. First Jewish House Majority Leader[181] | ||
Susan Davis | Democratic | CA-51 (from 2001) CA-53 (from 2003) |
January 3, 2001 | January 3, 2021 | (20 years, 0 day) |
7٬305Retired[182] | ||
Steve Israel | Democratic | NY-02 (from 2001) NY-03 (from 2013) |
January 3, 2001 | January 3, 2017 | (16 years, 0 day) |
5٬844Retired[183] | ||
Adam Schiff | Democratic | CA (several) | January 3, 2001 | Incumbent | (23 years, 315 days) |
8٬715[184] | ||
Rahm Emanuel | Democratic | IL-05 | January 3, 2003 | January 2, 2009 | (5 years, 365 days) |
2٬191Resigned to become White House Chief of Staff[185] | ||
Debbie Wasserman Schultz | Democratic | FL-20 (from 2005) FL-23 (from 2013) FL-25 (from 2022) |
January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | (19 years, 315 days) |
7٬254[186] | ||
Allyson Schwartz | Democratic | PA-13 | January 3, 2005 | January 3, 2015 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬652Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Pennsylvania[187] | ||
Steve Cohen | Democratic | TN-09 | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | (17 years, 315 days) |
6٬524[188] | ||
Gabby Giffords | Democratic | AZ-08 | January 3, 2007 | January 25, 2012 | (5 years, 22 days) |
1٬848Resigned to recover from the assassination attempt on her life in 2011.[189] | ||
Paul Hodes | Democratic | NH-02 | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2011 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate[190] | ||
Steve Kagen | Democratic | WI-08 | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2011 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[191] | ||
Ron Klein | Democratic | FL-22 | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2011 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[192] | ||
John Yarmuth | Democratic | KY-03 | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2023 | (16 years, 0 day) |
5٬844Retired[193] | ||
John Adler | Democratic | NJ-03 | January 3, 2009 | January 3, 2011 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[194] | ||
Jason Chaffetz[ب] | Republican | UT-03 | January 3, 2009 | June 30, 2017 | (8 years, 178 days) |
3٬100Resigned | ||
Alan Grayson | Democratic | FL-08 | January 3, 2009 | January 3, 2011 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[196] | ||
FL-09 | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2017 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬827Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination to the United States Senate[196] | ||||
Jared Polis | Democratic | CO-02 | January 3, 2009 | January 3, 2019 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬652Retired to run successfully for Governor of Colorado[197] | ||
Ted Deutch | Democratic | FL (several) | April 13, 2010 | September 30, 2022 | (12 years, 170 days) |
4٬553Resigned to become CEO of the American Jewish Committee[198] | ||
David Cicilline | Democratic | RI-01 | January 3, 2011 | May 31, 2023 | (12 years, 148 days) |
4٬531Resigned to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation[199] | ||
Suzanne Bonamici | Democratic | OR-01 | January 31, 2012 | Incumbent | (12 years, 287 days) |
4٬670[200] | ||
Lois Frankel | Democratic | FL-22 (from 2013) FL-21 (from 2017) |
January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | (11 years, 315 days) |
4٬332[201] | ||
Alan Lowenthal | Democratic | CA-47 | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2023 | (10 years, 0 day) |
3٬652Retired[202] | ||
Brad Schneider | Democratic | IL-10 | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2015 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Lost reelection[203] | ||
January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | (7 years, 315 days) |
2٬871[203] | |||||
Lee Zeldin | Republican | NY-01 | January 3, 2015 | January 3, 2023 | 8 years, 0 day |
2٬922Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of New York[204] | ||
Josh Gottheimer | Democratic | NJ-05 | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | (7 years, 315 days) |
2٬871[205] | ||
David Kustoff | Republican | TN-08 | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | (7 years, 315 days) |
2٬871[203] | ||
Jamie Raskin | Democratic | MD-08 | January 3, 2017 | Incumbent | (7 years, 315 days) |
2٬871[206] | ||
Jacky Rosen | Democratic | NV-03 | January 3, 2017 | January 3, 2019 | (2 years, 0 day) |
730Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate[37] | ||
Susan Wild | Democratic | PA-15 (from 2018) PA-07 (from 2019) |
November 27, 2018 | Incumbent | (5 years, 352 days) |
2٬178[207] | ||
Andy Levin | Democratic | MI-09 | January 3, 2019 | January 3, 2023 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost renomination after redistricting[208] | ||
Mike Levin[ت] | Democratic | CA-49 | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | (5 years, 315 days) |
2٬141[210] | ||
Elaine Luria | Democratic | VA-02 | January 3, 2019 | January 3, 2023 | (4 years, 0 day) |
1٬461Lost reelection[211] | ||
Dean Phillips | Democratic (DFL) | MN-03 | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | (5 years, 315 days) |
2٬141[212] | ||
Max Rose | Democratic | NY-11 | January 3, 2019 | January 3, 2021 | (2 years, 0 day) |
731Lost reelection[213] | ||
Kim Schrier | Democratic | WA-08 | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | (5 years, 315 days) |
2٬141[214] | ||
Elissa Slotkin | Democratic | MI-08 | January 3, 2019 | Incumbent | (5 years, 315 days) |
2٬141[215] | ||
Jake Auchincloss | Democratic | MA-04 | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | (3 years, 315 days) |
1٬410[216] | ||
Sara Jacobs | Democratic | CA-51 (from 2023) CA-53 (from 2021) |
January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | (3 years, 315 days) |
1٬410[216] | ||
Kathy Manning | Democratic | NC-06 | January 3, 2021 | Incumbent | (3 years, 315 days) |
1٬410[216] | ||
Becca Balint | Democratic | VT-AL | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | (1 years, 315 days) |
680[217] | ||
Dan Goldman | Democratic | NY-10 | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | (1 years, 315 days) |
680[217] | ||
Greg Landsman | Democratic | OH-01 | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | (1 years, 315 days) |
680[217] | ||
Seth Magaziner | Democratic | RI-02 | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | (1 years, 315 days) |
680[217] | ||
Max Miller | Republican | OH-07 | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | (1 years, 315 days) |
680[217] | ||
Jared Moskowitz | Democratic | FL-23 | January 3, 2023 | Incumbent | (1 years, 315 days) |
680[217] |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Territorial delegates
Delegate | Party | Territory | Term | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | Length of service (days) | |||||
David Levy Yulee[ث] | Democratic | Florida | March 4, 1841 | March 3, 1845 | (3 years, 364 days) |
1٬460Office eliminated when Territory of Florida was admitted to the Union as the State of Florida[2] |
Elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated
Representative-elect | Party | District | Year elected | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
David Levy Yulee[ث] | Democratic | FL-AL | 1845 | "Did not take his seat in the House" when elected to the Senate[218] | ||
Samuel Marx | Democratic | NY-19 | 1922 | Not seated due to death prior to start of term[219] |
See also
- Congressional Jewish Caucus
- List of Jewish American politicians
- List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress
- List of Hindu members of the United States Congress
- List of Mormon members of the United States Congress
- List of Muslim members of the United States Congress
- List of Quaker members of the United States Congress
Notes
- ^ Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s while serving as a U.S. Senator.[1]
- ^ Raised Jewish from birth by his Jewish father, but later converted to Mormonism.[195]
- ^ With a Jewish father and Catholic mother, he was baptized as a Catholic but "was raised with both the Catholic faith and also the Jewish faith."[209]
- ^ أ ب Born (and raised) Jewish, but converted to Episcopalianism in his mid-to-late 30s
References
- ^ Allman, T.D. (2013). Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780802120762.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780810857315.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ "Bennet's Views on Religion". National Review. أكتوبر 28, 2010.
- ^ Hamilton, Elizabeth (أكتوبر 3, 2004). "The Public And Private Life Of Dick Blumenthal". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved يناير 10, 2017.
- ^ "Hawaii's Jewish lieutenant governor chosen for US Senate seat". The Times of Israel. JTA. ديسمبر 27, 2012. Retrieved يونيو 26, 2018.
- ^ أ ب "Jacky Rosen". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved مايو 10, 2019.
- ^ أ ب ت خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ Morais, Henry S. (1994). The Jews of Philadelphia: their history from the earliest settlements to the present time; a record of events and institutions, and of leading members of the Jewish community in every sphere of activity. Philadelphia, The Levytype Co. p. 396.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب ت خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ أ ب خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ "Meyer Jacobstein". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
- ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Meet Elaine Luria, The Navy Commander Running For Congress". يناير 30, 2018.
- ^ "'Dear Abby's Jewish Grandson Wins Primary In Minnesota Swing District". The Forward. أغسطس 15, 2018.
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- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Kampeas, Ron (أكتوبر 31, 2022). "These 10 Jewish candidates could be elected to Congress for the 1st time this fall". The Times of Israel. Retrieved نوفمبر 8, 2022.
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