طائرة نفاثة إقليمية

لمعلومات عن the airline operator، انظر Regional Jet (airline).
By October 2018, 1,800 Canadair Regional Jets have been delivered[1]
The Sud Aviation Caravelle short-haul jet airliner was introduced in 1959
The Yakovlev Yak-40 was introduced in 1968
The Fokker F-28 was introduced in 1969 and was followed by the stretched Fokker 100 in 1988 and its Fokker 70 shrink in 1994.

طائرة نفاثة إقليمية إنگليزية: Regional jet وتُعرف اختصارا بـ (RJ)، هي طائرة ركاب نفاثة إقليمية، صغيرة الحجم مصممة لتحمل ما يصل إلى 100 راكبا، وتطير على الرحلات القصيرة إلى متوسطة المدى. وتتفوق على الطائرات الإقليمية المروحية بالسرعة. عقد The 1990s saw the emergence of the most widespread Canadair Regional Jet and its Embraer Regional Jet counterpart, then the larger Embraer E-Jet and multiple competing projects. In the US, they are limited in size by scope clauses.

The market was consolidated as Bombardier Aviation sold its airliner programs between 2017 and 2019, leaving Embraer as the sole large independent regional jet manufacturer, while emerging players try to push competitors: the Mitsubishi SpaceJet, Sukhoi Superjet 100, Comac ARJ21, and Antonov An-148.

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Definition

Regional Jet is a term in industry jargon and not a regulatory category. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University defines the regional jet as up to 100 seats in capacity.[2] This is also the limit capacity for two flight attendants.[3] FlightGlobal sort the 66- to 146-seat Embraer E-Jet/E2 as a regional aircraft,[4] but the 116- to 141-seat Airbus A220 (ex Bombardier CSeries) as a mainline airliner.[5] Boeing defines regional jets as below 90 seats.[6]

Regional Jet is used in the name of multiple airliners:

  • the 50-seat Canadair Regional Jet CRJ-100/200 was introduced in 1992 and evolved from 2001 in the 70- to 100-seat CRJ700/900/1000;
  • the 70- to 112-seat BAe 146 was renamed as the Avro Regional Jet in 1993;
  • the 34- to 50-seat Embraer Regional Jet ERJ-135/140/145 entered service in 1996;
  • the later 66- to 124-seat Embraer E-Jet, introduced in 2004, still carries the ERJ type certificate name;
  • the 98-seat Sukhoi Superjet 100, introduced in 2011, was initially known as the Russian Regional Jet, and is still called RRJ-95 in its type certificate;
  • the 78- to 98-seat Comac ARJ21, introduced in 2016, stands for Advanced Regional Jet;
  • the 78- to 92-seat Mitsubishi SpaceJet, marketed as the Mitsubishi Regional Jet before 2019[7]

The scope clauses, limiting the aircraft size and number in US regional airlines, are often a design point for regional jets. Since 2012, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines cap their regional airlines' jets at 76 seats and maximum take-off weight at 86,000 lb (39 t).[8]

For an EASA assessment of aircraft noise, regional jets were defined by ICAO/CAEP experts as 30–50 t (66,000–110,000 lb) MTOW aircraft.[9]

These aircraft are widely used by commuter airlines such as SkyWest and American Eagle. The low rate of fuel consumption, which translates to low cost of operation, makes regional jets ideal for use as commuter aircraft or to connect lower traffic airports to large or medium hub airports. Regional jets are heavily used in the US Essential Air Service program.[بحاجة لمصدر]


History

1960s–1970s

In 1959 was introduced the Sud Aviation Caravelle (80 to 140 seats), ordered by Flag Carriers, the first purpose-built short-haul jetliner, a twin turbojet design for inter-European routes. The Caravelle used the forward fuselage nose section of the de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jetliner, not effective for continental-European flights. The BAC One-Eleven (89 to 119 seats) was then introduced in 1965.

In 1968, Aeroflot introduced the 32-seat Yakovlev Yak-40 and the 65- to 85-seat Fokker F28 Fellowship was introduced in 1969. In 1975, the 40- to 44-seat VFW-Fokker 614 saw service entry with its distinctive overwing engines, 19 were built. Some business jets like the British Aerospace 125 (first delivery: 1964) and Dassault Falcon 20 (1965) were operated by small airlines from the 1960s, and the small Aerospatiale Corvette (1974) was used as a regional airliner from the 1970s.

1980s

The Bae 146 started service in May 1983

In 1978, the US Airline Deregulation Act led to route liberalization, favouring small airliners demand. US passengers were disappointed by these, lacking aircraft lavatories or flight attendants of larger jet aircraft. As feeder routes grew, regional airlines replaced these small aircraft with larger turboprop airliners to feed larger airline hubs. These medium airliners were then supplanted by faster, longer range, regional jets like the first Bombardier CRJ100/200. Early small jets had higher operating costs than turboprops on short routes. The gap narrowed with better turbofans, and closed with the higher utilization due to higher speeds.

In 1983 British Aerospace introduced its BAe 146 short-range jet, produced in three sizes between 70 and 112 seats: the -100, -200, and the largest -300, later renamed the Avro Regional Jet. Low aircraft noise and short takeoffs were suited to city-center to city-center service, a small market niche, like the de Havilland Canada Dash 7, but four engines led to higher maintenance costs than twin-engine designs and BAe did not produce a lower operating cost twin-engine design, unlike the Dash 8.

In 1988, the 97- to 122-seat Fokker 100, a stretched F28, was introduced, followed by the shorter, 72– to 85-seat Fokker 70 in 1994.

1990s

The Bombardier CRJ-100 was introduced in 1992 and was stretched in the CRJ700 series
The Embraer ERJ family began in April 1997

Low fuel prices drove the development of the regional jet: in the 1990s oil prices were around $10–20 per barrel. Turboprop manufacturers wanted to develop their portfolio. Canadair's purchase by Bombardier in 1986 enabled a 50-seat stretched development of its Challenger business jet, green-lighted by then chief executive Laurent Beaudoin in March 1989. The first Bombardier four-abreast Canadair Regional Jet was delivered in October 1992 to Lufthansa CityLine.[10]

Embraer then developed the 50-seat three-abreast ERJ 145 from the EMB-120 Brasilia turboprop, which was introduced in December 1996. They replaced the turboprops thanks to their better perceived image and larger range. On small-capacity long routes, they could offer a better service by increasing frequencies at a smaller capacity and could replace mainline jet airliners like McDonnell Douglas DC-9s and Boeing 737s.[10] They can be used for direct airport-to-airport flights, to the detriment of the hub-and-spoke model.

Since 1999, the Fairchild Dornier 328JET was also competing but the type did not enter large scale production as Fairchild Dornier went bankrupt, also ending the larger Fairchild Dornier 728 family development. The CRJ/ERJ also resulted in the end of the BAe 146 line.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The CRJ and ERJ success also played a minor part in the failure of Fokker, whose Fokker 100 found itself squeezed on both sides by new models of the Boeing 737 and Airbus A319 on the "large" side and the RJs on the "small side".[بحاجة لمصدر] On 5 February 1996, Bombardier started looking at a takeover of a struggling Fokker, producer of the Fokker 100 100-seater. After evaluating Fokker's opportunities and challenges, Bombardier dropped the prospect on 27 February.[11] Bombardier was feeling that the 100-seat market was already saturated by designs like the A319, a decision that looked foolish with the successful introduction of the E-Jets.[بحاجة لمصدر]

2000s

The Embraer E-Jet family was introduced in 2004 and was followed by the E-Jet E2

The share of US domestic passengers flying in 32- to 100-seat regional jets grew to one-third from 2000 to 2005, as network carriers subcontracted low-volume routes to cheaper commuter airlines with smaller planes. Amid regional jet usage saturation, bankruptcy of regional airlines and shrinking of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines, cramped 50-seaters were evolving into more spacious 70- to 100-seaters, limited by union rules.[12]

In late 2005, Bombardier suspended its CRJ-200 production line.[13]

Between 2000 through 2006, 385 large planes were grounded while 1,029 regional jets were added.[14] By June 2007, nearly a third of US domestic flights on major airlines were late, as using more smaller jets led to more crowded skies and runways in an already saturated system.[15]

US major carriers high pilots' wages led them to subcontract flights to regional airlines with lower labor costs. Pilot unions then demanded to regulate subcontracted aircraft size to a 50 seats maximum scope clause. In turn, large routes were served by sub-optimal 50-seat jets which accelerated demand for those types in North America. Embraer envisioned a market for more than 500 aircraft and planned to produce up to 80 a year, but at peak delivered 157 ERJs in 2000 while Bombardier delivered 155 CRJs in 2003.[10]

After 9/11, high fuel prices returned and jets had to grow to keep seat-mile costs down. Airlines renegotiated scope clause to limit jets to 70 seats as the market consolidated. Larger aircraft came back on regional routes for their efficiency, and on shorter routes turboprops were not much slower for a lower cost, reversing the 1990s trend. Bombardier delivered its last 50-seat CRJ in 2006 and Embraer delivered its last ERJ in 2011.[10]

Bombardier switched to its lengthened 70- to 100-seat CRJ700/900/1000, while Embraer launched the four-abreast E-Jet series 170/175/190/195. 50-seat jet demand is lower with high fuel prices, and this reflects on their lower market value. A majority of them will be scrapped.[10]

Bombardier and Embraer have started a series of lawsuits over export taxes and subsidies.

Although not as economical as the turboprop, by flying directly to and from smaller airports, regional jets reduced the need for low-cost regional airliners.

The 68- to 99-seat Antonov An-148, designed and produced by Antonov in Ukraine, made its maiden flight on 17 December 2004 after a development started in the 1990s. It was certified on 26 February 2007 and introduced in 2009. The stretched An-158 can seat 99 passengers.

2010s

The Sukhoi Superjet 100 was introduced in 2011

United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Sukhoi developed the Superjet 100, it made its maiden flight on 19 May 2008 and was introduced in April 2011 with Armavia.[بحاجة لمصدر] It typically seats 98 passengers and is powered by 2 PowerJet SaM146 turbofans from a Safran/NPO Saturn joint venture.[16]

Many CRJ100/200 were retired since 2003 and in 2013 the first Embraer ERJ were disassembled: 50-seaters' value was dwindling as US carriers were dropping them.[17] The ERJ retirements could be exacerbated because Rolls-Royce plc restricts parts choice, making engine maintenance more expensive, but its TotalCare agreements provide cost predictability.[18]

The Comac ARJ21 is a 78- to 90-seat jet manufactured by the Chinese state-owned aerospace company Comac. Development began in March 2002, the first prototype was rolled out on 21 December 2007, and made its maiden flight on 28 November 2008. It received its CAAC Type Certification on 30 December 2014 and was introduced on 28 June 2016 by Chengdu Airlines. Resembling the McDonnell Douglas MD-80/MD-90 produced under licence in China, it features a 25° swept, supercritical wing designed by Antonov and twin rear-mounted General Electric CF34 engines.

Bombardier Aerospace developed the 108- to 160-seat CSeries powered by two Pratt & Whitney PW1000G geared turbofans.[19] The smaller CS100 entered service in July 2016 with Swiss Global Air Lines and the larger CS300 entered service with airBaltic in December.[20] After the April 2016 CSeries dumping petition by Boeing, Airbus acquired a 50.01% majority stake in the program in October 2017 and renamed it the A220-100/300 in July 2018.[21]

The Embraer E190-E2 was introduced in 2018

In 2017, Embraer started calling large, almost narrowbody regional jets "crossover" jets, for the Embraer E-Jet E2 and the CSeries.[22] While those rival the A320neo, the smaller MRJ and SSJ100 could be stretched.[23] They are often the largest airliners which can access city airports like London City Airport, benefiting from their longer range and lower fuel burn to open new markets while making lower noise for better local community acceptance.[24]

In 2019, after attempting to renegotiate scope clauses, United Airlines ultimately decided to order fifty CRJs for its regional affiliates; the aircraft will be sourced from existing CRJ700 airframes and reconfigured with 50 seats in 3 classes. Bombardier will recertify the aircraft as the CRJ550 model, with a lower MTOW to comply with the scope clauses, and hopes to sell this new configuration to replace up to 700 existing 50-seaters with US regional airlines.[25][26]

By August 2019, there were 1,100 50-seat jets operated worldwide including 700 in the US, many more than 20 years old. SkyWest wants to replace 150 of its 200 ageing Bombardier CRJ200s and ERJs and while many have logged 30,000 cycles, their life may be extended to 60,000 cycles for 10-15 more years of service. SkyWest asked Bombardier, Embraer and Mitsubishi Aircraft to develop a new aircraft but the market is regulated by scope clauses.[27]

The Mitsubishi SpaceJet (ex MRJ), seating 70–90 passengers and manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, made its first flight on 11 November 2015.[28] After several delays, the program was canceled in February 2023.[29][30] After Bombardier Aviation divested its CSeries and Dash 8 programmes, it sold the CRJ programme to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in a deal that closed on 1 June 2020.[31]


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Operations

Costs

A smaller airplane is more costly per seat mile than a larger plane, but it mostly depends on the airline: in 2005, Bombardier was estimating regional jet costs at 9 to 10 US cents per seat mile while flying a Boeing 737 costs less than 8 cents per seat mile at Southwest Airlines but 15 cents at Continental Airlines.[32]

Routes

While designed primarily for medium stage lengths, regional jets may now be found supplementing major trunk routes alongside traditional larger jet aircraft. RJs allow airlines to open new "long, thin" routings with jet equipment which heretofore did not exist, such as Atlanta to Monterrey, Nuevo León. RJs have also meant a return of jet service to cities where full-size jet service had departed over a decade ago, such as Macon, Georgia, and Brownsville, Texas.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The idea that regional jets would provide point-to-point service and bypass the hub-and-spoke system is debated. As of January 2003, 90% of all regional jet flights in the United States had a hub or major airport at one end of that flight, and this number has been gradually increasing since 1995.[بحاجة لمصدر] However an International Center for Air Transportation Report in 2004 noted that regional jets were no longer used solely for hub feeder operations. As such they filled a gap in the market by flying on longer routes than turboprops, but shorter than the narrow body jets.[33]

Models

Model Seats Seats
/Row 		Intro. Prod.
end 		Built State
Sud Aviation Caravelle 80–140 5 1959 1972 282 فرنسا
Yakovlev Yak-40 32 4 1968 1981 1011 الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Fokker F28 Fellowship 55–70 5 1969 1987 241 هولندا
VFW-Fokker 614 40–44 4 1975 1977 19 ألمانيا
Yakovlev Yak-42 120 6 1977 2003 187 الاتحاد السوڤيتي روسيا
BAe 146/Avro RJ 70–112 5 1983 2001 387 المملكة المتحدة
Fokker 100 97–122 5 1988 1997 283 هولندا
Bombardier CRJ100/200 50 4 1992 2006 1021 كندا
Fokker 70 72–85 5 1994 1997 48 هولندا
Embraer ERJ family 37–50 3 1997 2020 1213 البرازيل
Fairchild-Dornier 328JET 30–33 3 1999 2004 110 ألمانيا
Bombardier CRJ700/900/1000 66–104 4 2001 2020 924 كندا
Embraer E-Jet family 66–124 4 2004 in prod. 1661 البرازيل
Antonov An-148 68–99 5 2009 2015 44 أوكرانيا
Sukhoi Superjet 100 87–108 5 2011 suspended in 2022 restart planned 232 روسيا
Comac ARJ21 78–105 5 2016 in prod. 111 الصين
Embraer E-Jet E2 family 80–146 4 2018 in prod. 74 البرازيل
Mitsubishi SpaceJet family (MRJ) 69–92 4 never N/A 7 اليابان

Fleet

Aircraft in Service [Backlog]
Year 2006[34] 2007[35] 2008[36] 2009[37][38] 2010[39][40] 2011[41][42] 2012[43] 2013[44][45] 2014[46] 2015[47] 2016[48] 2018[49]
E-Jet 167 252 390 537 [295] 631 [245] 723 [248] 835 917 [246] 1002 [249] 1102 1146 1349 [286]
CRJ700 260 373 441 497 [116] 545 [73] 580 [61] 592 600 [89] 649 [87] 696 751 777 [54]
CRJ100/200 938 954 950 925 923 824 788 723 648 563 560 498
ERJ 848 854 859 841 776 763 738 722 695 620 553 505
F100/F70 272 273 268 272 256 228 201 200 183 174 154 132
BAE146 310 284 291 284 250 208 183 176 172 160 152 118
SSJ100 [122] [137] 2 [165] 9 13 [206] 28 [242] 50 63 114 [27]
328JET 70 68 59 54 38 17 13 11 14 21 11
An-148 2 2 2 2 [49] 5 [67] 8 11 16 14 [17] 13 13 7 [1]
ARJ21 [55] [87] [189] [252] [306] 2 5 [103]
Spacejet [65] [15] [15] [165] [223] [203]


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Aircraft prices

Graphical comparison between aircraft, based on the number of seats.
May 2016 market prices[50]
Aircraft List ($m) Mkt Value ($m) Discount Seats Mkt/Seat
E-195 52.7 34.8 34% 106 328302
E-190 49.8 33.1 34% 94 352128
E-175 45.0 29.4 35% 78 376923
CRJ1000 49.0 25.5 43% 97 262887
SSJ100-95 35.0 25.3 28% 87 290805
CRJ900 46.0 25.0 46% 76 328947


انظر أيضا

مراجع

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