صاروخ بالستي وسيط المدى
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An intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of 3,000–5,500 km (1,864–3,418 miles), between a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) and an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).[1] Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience. In principle there is very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM, because decreasing payload mass can increase the range over the ICBM threshold. The range definition used here is used within the U.S. Missile Defense Agency.
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التاريخ
The progenitor for the IRBM was the A4b rocket, winged for increased range and based on the famous V-2, Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called A4, rocket designed by Wernher von Braun. The V-2 was widely used by Nazi Germany at the end of World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities. The A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the A9/A10 rocket. The goal of the program was to build a missile capable of hitting New York, when launched from France or Spain (see Amerika Bomber).[2]
A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945.[2] All of these rockets used liquid propellant. The A4b used an inertial guidance system, while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a non-mobile launch pad.
Following World War II, von Braun and other lead Nazi scientists were secretly transferred to the United States, to work directly for the U.S. Army through Operation Paperclip, developing the V-2 into the weapon for the United States.[بحاجة لمصدر]
IRBMs are currently[when?] operated by the People's Republic of China, India,[3][4] Israel, North Korea,[5] and Russia.[6][7] The United States, USSR, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and France were former operators.[بحاجة لمصدر]
أسماء
There is no clearly agreed-upon distinction between an intermediate-range and a medium range (MRBM) missile, and the categories overlap. Different sources classify missiles in different ways. They are both distinct from ICBMs, in that they have a range that is less than intercontinental, and hence must be based relatively close to the target. An IRBM, in general, is intended as a strategic weapon, while a MRBM, in general, is intended as a theatre ballistic missile.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Specific IRBMs
| Date *D | Model | Range km | Maximum km | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | PGM-17 Thor | 2,400 | 3,000 |  الولايات المتحدة,  المملكة المتحدة
|
| Cancelled | Blue Streak | 3,700 | المملكة المتحدة
| |
| 1962 | R-14 Chusovaya (SS-5) | 3,700 |  الاتحاد السوڤيتي
| |
| 1970 | DF-3A | 4,000 | 5,000 |  الصين,  السعودية
|
| 1976 | RSD-10 Pioneer (SS-20) | 5,500 | الاتحاد السوڤيتي
| |
| 1980 | S3 (missile) | 3,500 |  فرنسا
| |
| 2004 | DF-25 | 3,200 | 4,000 | الصين
|
| 2006 | Agni-III | 3,500 | 5,000 |  الهند
|
| 2007 | DF-26 | 3,500 | 5,000 | الصين
|
| 2007 | Shahab-5 | 4,000 | 4,300 (not proven) |  إيران
|
| 2010 | Hwasong-10/RD-B Musudan | 2,500 | 4,000 (not proven) |  كوريا الشمالية[8]
|
| 2010 | K-4[9] | 3,500 | الهند
| |
| 2011 | Agni-IV | 4,000 | الهند
| |
| 2017 | Hwasong-12/KN-17 | 3,700 | 6,000 | كوريا الشمالية
|
| 2023 | Hyunmoo-5 | 3,000 | 5,500 |  كوريا الجنوبية
|
| 2024 | Hwasong-16b | 600-650 (U.S./ROK telemetry)
1000 (DPRK claimed) |
unknown | كوريا الشمالية
|
| 2024 | Oreshnik | unknown | unknown |  روسيا[6]
|
See also
- Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
- ICBM
- List of ICBMs
- Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)
- Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM)
- Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)
- Anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM)
- Hypersonic cruise missile
- Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
References
- ^ Wragg, David W. (1974). A Dictionary of Aviation (1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 166. ISBN 0-85045-163-9.
- ^ أ ب "Die geflügelte Rakete (A7, A9, A4b) (in German)". V2werk-oberraderach.de. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
- ^ "Indian Army Successfully Test Fires Nuke-Capable Agni-IV Missile". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
- ^ "Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial". The Times of India. 9 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
- ^ "North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program" (PDF). National Committee on North Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
- ^ أ ب "Ukraine war latest: Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-range ballistic missile". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2024-11-21.
- ^ "Putin says Russia struck Ukraine's Dnipro with new experimental ballistic missile". Meduza (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-11-21.
- ^ "Ballistic Missiles of the World". MissileThreat. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
- ^ "India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad with K-4 SLBM Test".