شيڤاجي

(تم التحويل من شيفاجي)
For other uses, see شيفاجي (توضيح).
شيڤاجي بهوصله
Shivaji Bhosle
Shakakarta[1]
Haindava Dharmoddharak[2]
چهاتراپاتي شيڤاجي راجه بهوصله (تمثال في رايگاد)
چهاتراپاتي شيڤاجي راجه بهوصله (تمثال في رايگاد)
Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg أول چهاتراپاتي على امبراطورية ماراثا
العهد1674–1680
التتويج6 يونيو 1674 (first)
24 September 1674 (second)
سبقهمنصب مستحدث
تبعهسمبهاجي
PeshwaMoropant Trimbak Pingle
وُلِد19 فبراير 1627
حصن شيڤنري، سلطنة أحمد نگر
(حالياً بالقرب من پونه، مهارشترا، الهند)
توفي3 أبريل، 1680 (عن عمر 53)
حصن رايگاد، ماهاد، امبراطورية ماراثا
(حالياً في مهارشترا، الهند)
الزوج
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​
(m. 1640; ت. 1659)​
​
(m. 1650)​
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(m. 1653)​
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(m. 1656)​
  • Kashibai Jadhav[3]
الأنجال8[4] (سمبهاجي و راجارام الأول وست بنات)
الاسم الكامل
شيڤاجي شاهاجي بهوصله
البيتBhonsle
الأبشاهاجي
الأمجيجاباي
الديانةالهندوسية
التوقيعتوقيع شيڤاجي بهوصله Shivaji Bhosle

شيڤاجي ( Shivaji Bhosle ؛ أص‌د: [ʃiʋaˑd͡ʒiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ] ؛ ح. 19 فبراير 1630 - 3 أبريل 1680[5]). أمير هندوسي، وأحد أبناء بهونساله عشيرة ماراثا.[6] ولاحقاً، اقتطع شيفاجي مملكته المستقلة من سلطنة عادل شاهي المتهالكة في بيجاپور، هو ما شكل تكوّن امبراطورية ماراثا. وفي 1674، تـُوِّج رسمياً چهاتراپاتي على مُلكه في حصن رايگاد.[7]

أسس مملكة مارثا في غربي الهند. ويعد بطلاً قوميًا، لأنه يمثل الروح المستقلة لمنطقته.

على مدار حياته، انخرط شيفاجي في تحالفات وعداوات مع كل من سلطنة المغل وسلطنة گلكنده وسلطنة بيجاپور والقوى الاستعمارية الأوروبية. وسعت القوات العسكرية لشيفاجي نطاق نفوذ المراثا، واستولت على الحصون وشكلت بحرية المراثا. أنشأ شيفاجي حكماً مدنياً كفوءاً وتقدمياً مع منظمات إدارية جيدة التنظيم. وقد أحيى التقاليد الهندوسية القديمة، ونظام البلاط وروّج لاستخدام لغات الماراثي والسنسكريتية، لتحل محل الفارسية في البلاط والإدارة.[7][8]

كان إرث شيفاجي يختلف باختلاف المراقب والوقت، ولكن بعد ما يقرب من قرنين من وفاته، بدأ يكتسب أهمية متزايدة مع ظهور حركة استقلال الهند، حيث رفعه العديد من القوميين الهنود باعتباره قومياً أولياً وبطل الهندوس.[9][10]

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النشأة

انظر أيضاً: بهونسله § الأصل
شيفاجي الشاب (يمين) يقابل والده شاهاجي (يسار).

ولد شيفاجي في حصن شيڤنري، بالقرب من پونه. وكان والده شاهاجي، لواءً في جيش بيجابور وهي مملكة في الدكن كان يحكمها حاكم مسلم. ولكن والدته التي ربته شجعته على توسيع مقاطعات پونه، وأن تكون مارثا وطنًا مستقلاً. ومنذ عام 1644م، نمت مملكته وتحدى بيجابور والإمبراطور المغولي. وفي عام 1659م، أرسل ضده سلطان بيجابور جيشًا تحت قيادة أفضل خان. وقد قتل شيفاجي أفضل خان وبعدها هزم جيشه.

At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golkonda. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshah of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army.[11]


الخلفية والسياق

حصن شيڤنري
خريطة جنوب الهند، ح.1605

في 1636، غزت سلطنة عادل شاهي من بيجاپور الممالك الواقعة إلى الجنوب منها.[6] The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the Mughal empire.[6][12] It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the Maratha uplands of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of jagir land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.[6]

Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.[13]

In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained Poona as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in Bangalore by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona. Kondadeo was tasked with training Shivaji in the administration of the Poona jagir. While Shivaji was quick to pick up physical activities such as wrestling and horsemanship, he was not especially literate and relied on his subordinate ministers to have petitions and letters read to him.[14] Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over the administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.[15]

النزاع مع سلطنة يجاپور

In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji took the Torna Fort, taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the ailment of Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah, and seized the large treasure he found there.[16][17] In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including Purandar, Kondhana and Chakan. Also, he brought areas east of Pune around Supa, Baramati, and Indapur under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named Rajgad.That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.[16] After this, Shivaji turned west to the Konkan and took possession of the important town of Kalyan. Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called, Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.[18]

Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of Jinji secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During the period of 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.[19] Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao More, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of Javali, near the present-day hill station of Mahabaleshwar, from him.[20] The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into South and South-west Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others including Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade of Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Shirke, Mane and Mohite also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.[21] Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude to his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.[22] He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.

القتال مع أفضل خان

An early-20th-century painting by Sawlaram Haldankar of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan
Pratapgad fort

The Bijapur sultanate was displeased at their losses to Shivaji's forces, which their vassal Shahaji disavowed. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young Ali Adil Shah II as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.[23] In 1657 the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent Afzal Khan, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, holy to Shivaji's family, and the Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.[24][25][26]

Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.[27] The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort for negotiations.[28][29]

The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,[30][أ] wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.[32] The precise transpirings are not recoverable to historical certainty and remains enmeshed with legends in Maratha sources; however, they agree upon the fact that the protagonists landed themselves in a physical struggle which would prove fatal for Khan.[ب] Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji had him disemboweled; he then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.[34]

In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.[35] After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.[35]

حصار پانهالا

الاشتباك مع المغل

Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb who then, was the Mughal viceroy of the Deccan and son of the Mughal emperor, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.[36] Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near Ahmednagar.[37] This was followed by raids in Junnar, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200 horses.[38] Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor Shah Jahan.[39]

الهجوم على شايستا خان

المقالة الرئيسية: Battle of Chakan and معركة سورات
A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by M.V. Dhurandhar

Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan, with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of Chakan, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.[40] Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.[41]

On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.[42] He, along with his 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.[43] In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son, several of his wives, servants and soldiers were killed.[44] The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to Bengal.[45]

In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji sacked the port city of Surat, a wealthy Mughal trading centre.[46] On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a naval raid on the Portuguese held Basrur in present day Karnataka, and gained a large booty.[47][48]


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معاهدة پوراندار

Raja Jai Singh of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the معاهدة پوراندار
مقال رئيسي: معاهدة پوراندار (1665)

الاعتقال في أگرا والهرب

A depiction of Shivaji in Aurangzeb's court in Agra in 1666

In 1666, Aurangzeb invited Shivaji to Agra, along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind mansabdārs (military commanders) of his court. Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,[49]:78 and was promptly placed under house arrest under the watch of Faulad Khan, Kotwal of Agra.


السلام مع المغل

Statue of Shivaji opposite Gateway of India in South Mumbai


تأسيس الإمبراطورية

شيڤاجي، مؤسس إمبراطورية مارثا.

وفي عام 1644م، أغار شيفاجي بنجاح على سورات أغنى ميناء للمغول على الساحل الغربي. وفي عام 1665م، أرسل إمبراطور المغول أورانجزب قوة كبيرة ضده وأجبرته على توقيع معاهدة. وفي العام التالي، ذهب شيفاجي إلى أگرا ليزور أورانگزيب، فأوقع نفسه في مصيدة هناك. وقد تمكن من الهرب.

المصادر

  1. ^ Sardesai 1957, p. 222.
  2. ^ Satish Chandra (1982). Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village. Macmillan. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-333-90396-4.
  3. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 260.
  4. ^ James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-7914-2837-5.
  5. ^ Dates are given according to the Julian calendar, see Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث Robb 2011.
  7. ^ أ ب Govind Ranade, Mahadev (1966). Rise of the Maratha Power. India: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :4
  9. ^ Wolpert 1962, p. 79-81.
  10. ^ Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (14 September 2021). Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-00-045282-2.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Eaton2005
  12. ^ Subrahmanyam 2002, p. 33–35.
  13. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600–1818 (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.
  14. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1952). Shivaji and his times (5th ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. p. 19. ISBN 9788125040262.
  15. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600–1818 (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.
  16. ^ أ ب Mahajan, V. D. (2000). India since 1526 (17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 198. ISBN 81-219-1145-1. OCLC 956763986.
  17. ^ Gordon, The Marathas 1993, p. 61.
  18. ^ Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221–226.
  19. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, pp. 41–42.
  20. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 (in الإنجليزية). Penguin UK. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
  21. ^ Stewart Gordon (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.
  22. ^ Gordon, S. (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521268837 page=69 [1]
  23. ^ Gordon, The Marathas 1993, p. 66.
  24. ^ John F. Richards (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
  25. ^ Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur 2015, pp. 183–184.
  26. ^ Roy, Kaushik (2012). Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-139-57684-0.
  27. ^ Abraham Eraly (2000). Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals. Penguin Books Limited. p. 550. ISBN 978-93-5118-128-6.
  28. ^ Kaushik Roy (15 October 2012). Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–. ISBN 978-1-139-57684-0.
  29. ^ Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence 2014, p. 17.
  30. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 70.
  31. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600–1818 (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.
  32. ^ Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960, p. 22.
  33. ^ Kulkarni, Prof A. R. (1 July 2008). The Marathas (in الإنجليزية). Diamond Publications. ISBN 978-81-8483-073-6.
  34. ^ Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960.
  35. ^ أ ب Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 75.
  36. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, pp. 55–56.
  37. ^ S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 59. ISBN 978-81-7156-818-5.
  38. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 57.
  39. ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 60.
  40. ^ Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings. Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1929. p. 44.
  41. ^ Aanand Aadeesh (2011). Shivaji the Great Liberator. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 69. ISBN 978-81-8430-102-1.
  42. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600–1818 (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9.
  43. ^ Mahmud, Sayyid Fayyaz; Mahmud, S. F. (1988). A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-19-577385-9.
  44. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
  45. ^ Mehta 2009, p. 543.
  46. ^ Mehta 2005, p. 491.
  47. ^ Shejwalkar, T.S. (1942). "Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute". 4. Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune: 135–146. JSTOR 42929309. Retrieved 30 August 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  48. ^ "Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji". New Indian Express. 15 February 2021.
  49. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Gordon

قراءات إضافية

انظر أيضا

المصادر

الملاحظات

  1. ^ A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.[31]
  2. ^ Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.[33]

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

شيڤاجي
وُلِد: 1627/1630ح. 1627/1630 توفي: 3 April 1680
ألقاب ملكية
لقب حديث
تأسيس دولة جديدة
 Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire
1674–1680 		تبعه
Sambhaji

قالب:Shivaji


الكلمات الدالة:
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