سيرير (شعب)

(تم التحويل من شعب سرر)
سيرير Serer
Fatou Diome par Claude Truong-Ngoc avril 2015.jpg Leopold Sedar Senghor (1987) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg
فاتو ديوم • ليوپولد سنگور
إجمالي التعداد
ما يزيد على 1.8 مليون[1]
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
 السنغال1.84 مليون
Flag of گامبيا گامبيا53,567[2]
Flag of موريتانيا موريتانيا3,500
اللغات
سيرير، لغات تشانگين، ولوف،
الفرنسية (السنغال وموريتانيا)،
الإنگليزية (گامبيا)
الدين
السنغال 2002: 90% إسلام, 9% مسيحية[3] و ديانة السرر (تات روگ)
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
ولوف، جولا وToucouleur people، و لـِبو

شعب السيرير Serer هم جماعة عرقية دينية في غرب أفريقيا.[4][5] وهم ثالث أكبر جماعة عرقية في السنغال، إذ يشكلون 15% من تعداد السنغال.[6] كما يوجدوا في شمال گامبيا وجنوب موريتانيا.[7]

ينحدر شعب السرر من وادي نهر السنغال على حدود السنغال وموريتانيا، ثم انتقلوا جنوباً في القرنين 11 و 12، ثم انتقلوا مرة أخرى في القرنين 15 و 16 حين غـُزِيَت قراهم وتعرضوا للاضطهاد الديني.[8][9][10] They have had a sedentary settled culture and have been known for their farming expertise and transhumant stock-raising.[9][11]

The Serer people have been historically noted as a matrilineal ethnic group that long resisted the expansion of Islam, fought against jihads in the 19th century, then opposed the French colonial rule.[12][13][14] In the 20th century, most of them converted to Islam (Sufism[15]), but some are Christians or follow their traditional religion.[12] The Serer society, like other ethnic groups in Senegal, has had social stratification featuring endogamous castes and slaves.[16][17][18]

شعب السرر يشار إليه أيضاً بالأسماء التالية: سيرر Sérère ؛ سرير Sereer؛ سـِرَّر Serrere؛ سرر Serere؛ سارر Sarer؛ كـِگـِمى Kegueme؛ سيرير Seereer وأحياناً بالخطأ "سـِرّ Serre".

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الديمغرافيا والتوزع

خريطة عرقية للسنغال في 1853، رسمها الفرنسيون. منطقة شعب السرر مُعلـَّمة "شعب السرر" (يسار، وسط).

The Serer people are primarily found in contemporary Senegal, particularly in the west-central part of the country, running from the southern edge of Dakar to the Gambian border. In The Gambia, they occupy parts of old "Nuimi" and "Baddibu" as well as the Gambian "Kombo". The Serer-Noon occupy the ancient area of Thiès in modern-day Senegal. The Serer-Ndut are found in southern Cayor and north west of ancient Thiès. The Serer-Njeghen occupy old Baol; the Serer-Palor occupies the west central, west southwest of Thiès and the Serer-Laalaa occupy west central, north of Thiès and the Tambacounda area.[19][20]

The Serer people are diverse and though they spread throughout the Senegambia region, they are more numerous in places like old Baol, Sine, Saloum and in The Gambia, which was a colony of the Kingdom of Saloum.

  • السنغال: 1.84 مليون (15% من إجمالي السكان)[1]
  • گامبيا: 53,567 (3.1% من الإجمالي)[2]
  • Mauritania: 3,500[21]

السرر (ويُعرفون أيضاً بإسم "Seex" أو "سين-سين") يحتلون مناطق سين و سالوم (اللتين هما اليوم جزء من السنغال المستقلة). ويضم شعب السرر the Seex (Serer or Serer-Sine), Serer-Noon (sometimes spelt "Serer-None", "Serer-Non" or just Noon), Serer-Ndut (also spelt "N’doute"), Serer-Njeghene (sometimes spelt "Serer-Dyegueme" or "Serer-Gyegem" or "Serer-N'Diéghem"), Serer-Safene, Serer-Niominka, Serer-Palor (also known as "Falor", "Palar", "Siili", "Siili-Mantine", "Siili-Siili", "Waro" or just "Serer"), and the Serer-Laalaa (sometimes known as "Laa", "La" or "Lâ" or just "Serer"). كل جماعة تتكلم لغة السرر أو احدى لغات تشانگين. كلمة "سرر Serer" هي التهجي الرسمي بالإنگليزية. "سيرير" أو "سرير" تعكس نطق السرر للاسم وغالباً يستخدمهم مؤرخو ودارسو السرر من السنغاليين.


اسم العرق

A 21-year-old Serer man in 1881.

The meaning of the word "Serer" is uncertain. Issa Laye Thiaw[المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] views it as possibly pre-Islamic and suggests four possible derivations:[22]

1. From the Serer Wolof word reer meaning 'misplaced', i.e. doubting the truth of Islam.
2. From the Serer Wolof expression seer reer meaning "to find something hidden or lost."
3. From "the Arabic word seereer meaning sahir magician or one who practices magic (an allusion to the traditional religion)".
4. From a Pulaar word meaning separation, divorce, or break, again referring to rejecting Islam.

Professor Cheikh Anta Diop citing the work of the 19th-century French archeologist and Egyptologist, Paul Pierret, states that the word Serer means "he who traces the temple."[13] Diop went on to write: "That would be consistent with their present religious position: they are one of the rare Senegalese populations who still reject Islam. Their route is marked by the upright stones found at about the same latitude from Ethiopia all the way to the Sine-Salum, their present habitat."[13]

التاريخ

حضارة سرر : دوائر الأحجار السنگامبية[23]
غرب ما دون الصحراء الكبرى: شجيرات جبلية.[23]
حضارة سرر: مؤرخ ما قبل التاريخ هنري لوت بجانب نقوش صخرية في موريتانيا.[23]

وفقًا لمصادر تاريخية وأثرية، تم الاتفاق على احتلال سرر لجميع مناطق السنغال (بما في ذلك منطقة سنگامبيا). هم من بين أقدم سكان منطقة سنگامبيا. مثل الثقافات الأخرى، لدى السرريين أيضًا ثقافة تسمية الأشياء التي قاموا بإنشائها من فراغ ، والتي تمتد إلى أسماء الأماكن. لا تزال العديد من الأماكن في سنگامبيا، مثل Diamniadio و Diokoul وما إلى ذلك ، تحمل أسماء سرر الخاصة بهم.

تمت دراسة وتوثيق عصور ما قبل التاريخ والتاريخ القديم لسرر على نطاق واسع على مر السنين. يأتي الكثير من البيانات من الاكتشافات الأثرية والتقاليد المتجذرة في ديانة سرر.

تم العثور على العديد من الآثار المتعلقة بعصور ما قبل التاريخ والتاريخ القديم في بلدان سرر. يقدم معظمهم معلومات عن أصول عائلات سرر والقرى وممالك سرر. يتميز البعض بالذهب والفضة والمعادن. كما تم اكتشاف النقوش المگاليثية المنحوتة والمنصوبة في هياكل دائرية


المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ السرر (من العصور الوسطى إلى الحاضر)


ممالك السرر

المقالة الرئيسية: Kingdom of Sine, مملكة سالوم, and مملكة باول

المجتمع

المهن

The Serers practice trade, agriculture, fishing, boat building and animal husbandry. Traditionally the Serer people have been farmers and landowners.[24] Although they practice animal husbandry, they are generally less known for that, as in the past, Serer nobles entrusted their herds to the pastoralist Fulas, even today.[25] However, they are known for their mixed-farming.[26] Trade is also a recent phenomenon among some Serers. For the Serers, the soil (where their ancestors lay in rest) is very important to them and they guard it with jealousy. They have a legal framework governing every aspect of life even land law with strict guidelines. Apart from agriculture (and other forms of production or occupation such as animal husbandry, fishing especially among the Serer-Niominka, boat building, etc.), some occupations especially trade they viewed as vulgar, common and ignoble. Hence in the colonial era, especially among the Serer nobles, they would hire others to do the trading on their behalf (e.g. Moors) acting as their middlemen.[27]

التراتب الاجتماعي

انظر أيضاً: Kingdom of Sine § Political structure of Sine

The Serer ethnic group is rather diverse, and as Martin A. Klein notes, the institution of slavery did not exist among the Serer-Noon and N'Dieghem.[28]

الثقافة

Serer wrestling. Rituals and regalia based on Serer tradition. See Senegalese wrestling

The Serer's favourite food is called Chere (or chereh) in the Serer language (pounded coos). They control all the phases of this dish from production to preparation. Other ethnic groups (or Serers), tend to buy it from Serer women market traders or contract it out to them especially if they are holding major ceremonial events. Chere is very versatile and can be eaten with fermented milk or cream and sugar as a breakfast cereal or prepared just as a standard couscous. The Serer traditional attire is called Serr. It is normally woven by Serer men and believed to bring good luck among those who wear it. Marriages are usually arranged. In the event of the death of an elder, the sacred "Gamba" (a big calabash with a small hollow-out) is beaten followed by the usual funeral regalia to send them off to the next life.[29]

المصارعة والرياضة

Senegalese wrestling match at the stade Demba Diop في دكار. تقليد سرري


الموسيقى

"The Serer people are known especially for their rich knowledge of vocal and rhythmic practices that infuse their everyday language with complex overlapping cadences and their ritual with intense collaborative layerings of voice and rhythm."

Ali Colleen Neff[30]


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لغات السرر

المقالة الرئيسية: لغة السرر and لغات تشانگين


لغات تشانگين ولغة السرر % Similarity with Serer-Sine % Similarity with Noon % Similarity with Saafi % Similarity with Ndut % Similarity with Palor % Similarity with Lehar (Laalaa ) Areas they are predominantly found Estimated population
Lehar language (Laalaa) 22 84 74 68 68 N/A West central, north of Thies, Pambal area, Mbaraglov, Dougnan; Tambacounda area. Also found in the Gambia 12,000 (Senegal figures only) (2007)
Ndut language 22 68 68 N/A 84 68 West central, northwest of Thiès 38,600 (Senegal figures only (2007)
Noon language 22 N/A 74 68 68 84 Thiès area. 32,900 (Senegal figures only (2007)
Palor language 22 68 74 84 N/A 68 West central, west southwest of Thiès 10,700 (Senegal figures only (2007)
Saafi language 22 74 N/A 68 74 74 Triangle southwest of and near Thiès (between Diamniadio, Popenguine, and Thiès) 114,000 (Senegal figures only (2007)
Serer-Sine language (not a Cangin language) N/A 22 22 22 22 22 West central; Sine and Saloum River valleys. Also in the Gambia and small number in Mauritania 1,154,760 (Senegal – 2006 figures); 31,900 (the Gambia – 2006 figures) and 3,500 (Mauritania 2006 figures)[31]

الألقاب الأبوية للعائلات

انظر أيضاً: Joof family and Serer maternal clans
بعض ألقاب العائلات السررية الشائعة

الاحتفالات المعاصرة

Some notable Gambian Serers include Isatou Njie-Saidy, Vice President of the Gambia since 20 March 1997, and the late Senegambian historian, politician and advocate for Gambia's independence during the colonial era – Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. In Senegal they include Léopold Sédar Senghor and Abdou Diouf (first and second President of Senegal respectively), Pascal Ndione, and Marième Faye Sall – current First Lady of Senegal (as of 2020) and wife of President Macky Sall.[32]

انظر أيضاً

أعلام السرر

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب Agence Nationale de Statistique et de la Démographie. Estimated figures for 2007 in Senegal alone
  2. ^ أ ب National Population Commission Secretariat (30 April 2005). "2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution" (PDF). Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The Republic of The Gambia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  3. ^ Claire L. Adida; David D. Laitin; Marie-Anne Valfort (2016). Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-674-50492-9.
  4. ^ "Charisma and Ethnicity in Political Context: A Case Study in the Establishment of a Senegalese Religious Clientele", Leonardo A. Villalón, Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 63, No. 1 (1993), p. 95, Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International African Institute
  5. ^ Villalón, Leonardo A., Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick, p. 62, Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN 9780521032322
  6. ^ Senegal, CIA Factsheet
  7. ^ [1] Ethnologue.com
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Galvan
  9. ^ أ ب Elizabeth Berg; Ruth Wan; Ruth Lau (2009). Senegal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7614-4481-7.
  10. ^ Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-521-03232-2., Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's Tukulor."
  11. ^ Natural Resources Research, UNESCO, Natural resources research, Volume 16, Unesco (1979), p. 265
  12. ^ أ ب James Stuart Olson (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  13. ^ أ ب ت Pierret, Paul, "Dictionnaire d'archéologie égyptienne", Imprimerie nationale 1875, p. 198-199 [in] Diop, Cheikh Anta, "Precolonial Black Africa", (trans: Harold Salemson), Chicago Review Press, 1988, p. 65
  14. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Martin A. Klein 1968
  15. ^ Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-521-03232-2.
  16. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Resnick2013p165
  17. ^ Martin A. Klein (1968). Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Stanford University Press. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-0-8047-0621-6.
  18. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة tamari221
  19. ^ Patience Sonko-Godwin. Ethnic Groups of The Senegambia Region. A Brief History. p32. Sunrise Publishers Ltd. Third Edition, 2003. قالب:Asin
  20. ^ Ethnologue.com. Languages of Senegal. 2007 figures
  21. ^ African Census Analysis Project (ACAP). University of Pennsylvania. Ethnic Diversity and Assimilation in Senegal: Evidence from the 1988 Census by Pierre Ngom, Aliou Gaye and Ibrahima Sarr. 2000
  22. ^ "La Religiosité des Sereer, avant et pendant leur Islamisation". Éthiopiques, No: 54, Revue Semestrielle de Culture Négro-Africaine. Nouvelle Série, Volume 7, 2e Semestre 1991. By Issa Laye Thiaw
  23. ^ أ ب ت Gravrand, Henry: La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool. Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines du Senegal. 1990. pp, 9, 20 & 77. ISBN 2-7236-1055-1. من أعلى لأسفل: الصورة الأولى دوائر الأحجار السنگامبية (ميجليث) تمتد من السنغال وبطول گامبيا ويصفها اليونسكو كالتالي:
    "أكبر تجمع للدوائر الحجرية في أي مكان في العالم."
    يعتبر الموقع نفسه مكان دفن قديم. الصورة الثانية في (موريتانيا الحالية) انظر Ouest subsaharienne montagnardes boisées xériques, Wiki en anglais : West Saharan montane xeric woodlands. La troisième image est art rupestre en Mauritanie moderne. Pour toutes les références d'image, y compris le Tasili, voir: Henry Gravrand. La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool. Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines du Senegal. 1990. pp, 9, 20 & 77. ISBN 2-7236-1055-1. للقراءة عن ميگاليثات سنگامبيا انظر:
    • Becker, Charles, Vestiges historiques, témoins matériels du passé dans les pays sereer, CNRS-ORSTOM, 1993 [2]
  24. ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile. The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa, p11. ISBN 9987-16-023-9
  25. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 29, p-p 855-6 and 912. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2003. ISBN 0-85229-961-3
  26. ^ Tiyambe Zeleza. A Modern Economic History of Africa: The nineteenth century, p110. East African Publishers, 1997. ISBN 9966-46-025-X
  27. ^ Dennis Galvan. Market Liberalization as a Catalyst for Ethnic Conflict. Department of Political Science & International Studies Program. The University of Oregon. pp 9–10
  28. ^ Klein (1968), p. 165
  29. ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile. The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa, p141. ISBN 9987-16-023-9
  30. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Ali Colleen Neff 2010
  31. ^ NB: 2006 Figures are taken in order to compare the population of the Serer in the respective countries.
  32. ^ Jeune Afrique, Sénégal : Marième Faye Sall, nouvelle première dame, 26 March 2012 by Rémi Carayol [3] (retrieved on 8 February 2020)

ببليوگرافيا

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  • Portions of this article were translated from the French language Wikipedia article fr:Sérères, 2008-07-08 and August 2011.


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وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Serer people.
Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بسيرير (شعب)، في معرفة الاقتباس.
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