هيوز للطائرات

(تم التحويل من شركة هيوز للطائرات)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Hughes Helicopters.
هيوز للطائرات
الاسم المحلي
Hughes Aircraft
الصناعةطائرات ودفاع
تأسست1934; 90 years ago (1934 in Glendale, California
المؤسسهوارد هيوز
انحلت1997; 27 years ago (1997
المقر الرئيسي
كلڤر سيتي، El Segundo and Westchester
،
الولايات المتحدة
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
الدخل$11B peak, 1986
المالكHughes Tool Company (1934)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1953)
General Motors Corp (1985)
الموظفون84,000 peak, 1985
الشركة الأمهيوز تول كومپاني
معهد هوارد هيوز الطبي
جنرال موتورز

هيوز للطائرات، هي أكبر مقاول دفاع وشركة تصنيع طائرات بالولايات المتحدة، أسسها هوارد هيوز عام 1932 في كلڤر سيتي، كاليفورنيا كفرع لهيوز تولز كومپاني. اشتهرت الشركة بانتاج الطائرة هيوز إتش-4 هركليز، مسبار دخول الغلاف الجوي، حامل سفينة الفضاء گاليليو، والصاروخ الموجه إي أي إم-4 فالكون.[1]

Hughes Aircraft was founded to build Hughes' H-1 Racer world speed record aircraft, and it later modified other aircraft for his transcontinental and global circumnavigation speed record flights. The company relocated to Culver City, California, in 1940 and began manufacturing aircraft parts as a subcontractor.[2] Hughes attempted to mold it into a major military aircraft manufacturer during World War II. However, its early military projects ended in failure, with millions of dollars in U.S. government funds expended but only three aircraft actually built, resulting in a highly publicized U.S. Senate investigation into alleged mismanagement.[3] The U.S. military consequently hesitated to award new aircraft contracts to Hughes Aircraft, prompting new management in the late 1940s to instead pursue contracts for fire-control systems and guided missiles, which were new technologies. The company soon became a highly profitable industry leader in these fields.[4][5]

In a 1953 accounting maneuver designed to reduce his income tax liabilities, Howard Hughes donated most of Hughes Aircraft's stock and assets to a charity he created, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), and subsequently ceased managing the company directly.[6] Hughes retained a small cadre of engineers under his personal control as the Hughes Tool Company Aircraft Division, which initially operated from the same Culver City complex as Hughes Aircraft, despite being separately owned and managed. This entity subsequently became fully independent from Hughes Aircraft and changed its name to Hughes Helicopters.[7][8] After Hughes' 1976 death, Hughes Aircraft was acquired by General Motors from HHMI in 1985 and was put under the umbrella of Hughes Electronics which became DirecTV, until GM sold its assets to Raytheon in 1997.[9][10]

استحوذت عليها جنرال موتورز من معهد هوارد هيوز الطبي عام 1985. وُضعت هيوز للطائرات تحت حماية هيوز للإلكترونيات، المعرفة باسم ديركت‌تي‌ڤي، حتى باعت جنرال موتورز حصتها إلى ريثيون في عام 1997.[9]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

شعار هيوز للطائرات، أعلن بعد وفاة مؤسسها.
هيوز إتش-1 راسر
هيوز إتش-4 هركليز.
مسبار گاليليو هيوز.
Hughes-built NASA Surveyor lunar lander.
Hughes developed the AIM-120 AMRAAM, one of the world's most advanced air-to-air missiles.

During World War II the company designed and built several prototype aircraft at Hughes Airport. These included the famous Hughes H-4 Hercules, better known by the public's nickname for it, the Spruce Goose, the H-1 racer, D-2, and the XF-11.[11] However the plant's hangars at Hughes Airport, location of present-day Playa Vista in the Westside of Los Angeles, California, were primarily used as a branch plant for the construction of other companies' designs. At the start of the war Hughes Aircraft had only four full-time employees—by the end the number was 80,000.[12][13] During the war, the company was awarded contracts to build B-25 struts, centrifugal cannons, and machine gun feed chutes.[14]


بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

Hughes Aircraft was one of many aerospace and defense companies which flourished in Southern California during and after World War II and was at one time the largest employer in the area.

Yet, employment had dropped to 800 by 1947. By the summer of 1947 certain politicians had become concerned about Hughes' alleged mismanagement of the Spruce Goose and the XF-11 photo reconnaissance plane project. They formed a special committee to investigate Hughes which culminated in a much-followed Senate investigation, one of the first to be televised to the public. Despite a highly critical committee report, Hughes was cleared.[14]:198–207,259

The company then expanded into the booming electronics field, eventually employing 3,300 Ph.D.s. Hughes hired Ira Eaker, Harold L. George, and Tex Thornton to run the company. By 1953, the company employed 17,000 and had $600,000,000 in government contracts.[14]:259–269

In 1948 Hughes created a new division of the company, the Aerospace Group. Two Hughes engineers, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge, had new ideas on the packaging of electronics to make complete fire control systems. Their MA-1 system combined signals from the aircraft's radar with a digital computer to automatically guide the interceptor aircraft into the proper position for firing missiles. At the same time other teams were working with the newly formed US Air Force on air-to-air missiles, delivering the AIM-4 Falcon, then known as the F-98. The MA-1/Falcon package, with several upgrades, was the primary interceptor weapon system of the USAF for many years, lasting into the 1980s. Ramo and Wooldridge, having failed to reach an agreement with Howard Hughes regarding management problems, resigned in September 1953 and founded the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, later to join Thompson Products to form the Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge based in Canoga Park, with Hughes leasing space for nuclear research programs (present day West Hills (Canoga Park)).[15] The company became TRW in 1965, another aerospace company and a major competitor to Hughes Aircraft.

In 1951 Hughes Aircraft Co. built a missile plant in Tucson, Arizona due to Howard Hughes' fear that his Culver City, California plant could be attacked. By the end of that year, the U.S. Air Force had purchased the property and contracted Hughes (and subsequently Raytheon[16]) to operate the site as Air Force Plant 44.

Howard Hughes donated Hughes Aircraft to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in 1953 allegedly as a way of avoiding taxes on its huge income.[17] The next year, Lawrence A. "Pat" Hyland was hired as vice president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft; he would ultimately become company president and CEO after Howard Hughes' death in 1976.

Under Hyland's guidance, the Aerospace Group continued to diversify and become massively profitable, and became a primary focus of the company. The company developed radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines (for space travel), and many other advanced technologies. The 'Electronic Properties Information Center' (EPIC) of the United States was hosted at the Hughes Culver City library in the 1970s. EPIC published the multi-volume Handbook of Electronic Materials as public documents.[18]

Nobel Laureates Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann had Hughes connections: Feynman would hold weekly seminars at Hughes Research Laboratories; Gell-Mann shared an office with Malcolm Currie, later a chairman of the board and chief executive officer at Hughes Aircraft. Greg Jarvis and Ronald McNair, two of the astronauts on the last flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger, were Hughes alumni.

Ground Systems Group

Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group was located in Fullerton, California. The facility was 3 million square feet and included manufacturing, laboratories, offices, and a Munson road test course. It designed developed and produced the Air Defense Systems that replaced the Semi Automatic Defense Ground Environment (SAGE) in the United States with the Joint Surveillance System (JSS) AN/FYQ-93 including NORAD with Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and provided defense systems and air traffic control systems around the world. These systems are massive and at its peak Ground Systems Group employed 15,000 people and generated revenue in excess of $1 billion per year.[بحاجة لمصدر]

These systems included the following Ground Systems Group subsystems: Computer H5118, Consoles HMD-22 and HMD-44, Liquid Crystal Large Screen Displays, and Software that set the standard for software development[19] based on science and engineering starting with the Combat Grande System. Ground Systems Group was known to push technology envelopes in the computers, displays, local area networks, human interfaces, and software in their systems. They also blazed the path to very highly distributed human intensive systems.

شركة هيوز للفضاء والاتصالات

انظر أيضاً: مركز تطوير ساتل بوينگ


هيوز للمروحيات

المقالة الرئيسية: مروحيات هيوز


معهد هوارد هيوز الطبي يبيع هيوز للطائرات

هيوز للإلكترونيات

شعار هيوز بعد بيعها لجنرال موتورز.
Mock-up display of a Hughes satellite booster inside the Space Shuttle Explorer (similar to the one carried on STS-49)

خط زمني

شعار هيوز في الفترة (1997-2000) بين بيعها لريثيون وبوينگ. فرع هيوز للفضاء وهيوز للاتصالات أعلى الشعار.
  • 1932: Howard Hughes formed Hughes Aircraft Company as a division of Hughes Tool Company.
  • 1948: Hughes formed the Aerospace Group within the company, divided into:
    • Hughes Space and Communications Group
    • Hughes Space Systems Division
  • 1953: The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) was formed, and Hughes Aircraft reformed as a subsidiary of the foundation. The Internal Revenue Service unsuccessfully challenged its "charitable" status which made it tax-exempt.
  • 1955: Hughes formed its helicopter division, Aircraft Division
  • 1960: The first laser is produced at Hughes Research Laboratories, by Theodore Maiman
  • 1961: Hughes Space and Communications Company was formed, bringing together Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division and Hughes Research Laboratories completed its move to Malibu.
  • 1972: Hughes sold the tool division of Hughes Tool Company. His remaining interests were transferred to the newly formed holding company, the Summa Corporation. This included Toolco Aircraft and Hughes' property and other businesses.
  • 1976: Toolco Aircraft became Hughes Helicopters
  • 1976: Howard Hughes dies at the age of 70, leaving no will
  • 1984: The Summa Corporation sold Hughes Helicopters to McDonnell Douglas for $500 million; it was soon renamed McDonnell Douglas Helicopters.
  • 1984: The Delaware Court of Chancery appointed eight trustees to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; they decide to sell Hughes Aircraft.
  • 1985: The HHMI sold Hughes Aircraft to General Motors for $5.2 billion. This was merged with GM's Delco Electronics to form Hughes Electronics. This group then consisted of:
    • Delco Electronics Corporation
    • Hughes Aircraft Company
    • Hughes Space and Communications Company
    • Hughes Network Systems
    • DirecTV
  • 1987: Hughes Aircraft Company acquires M/A-COM Telecommunications, to form Hughes Network Systems
  • 1994: Hughes Electronics introduces DirecTV
  • 1995: Hughes Space and Communications Company became the world's biggest supplier of commercial satellites
  • 1995: Hughes Electronics acquires Magnavox Electronic Systems from the Carlyle Group
  • 1996: Hughes Electronics and PanAmSat agree to merge their fixed satellite services into a new publicly held company, also called PanAmSat with Hughes Electronics as majority shareholder.
  • 1997: GM transferred Delco Electronics from Hughes Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems. Delphi became independent in 1999.
  • 1997: The aerospace and defense operations of Hughes Electronics (Hughes Aircraft) are merged with Raytheon; Raytheon also acquired one half of the Hughes Research Laboratories
  • 2000: Hughes Space and Communications Company remained independent until 2000, when it was purchased by Boeing and became Boeing Satellite Development Center. Boeing purchased one third of the HRL Laboratories, LLC which was then co-owned by Boeing, GM and Raytheon.
  • 2003: The remaining parts of Hughes Electronics: DirecTV, DirecTV Latin America, PanAmSat and Hughes Network Systems were purchased by NewsCorp and renamed The DirecTV Group.
  • 2004: Director [Martin Scorsese] uses the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista to film the motion-capture sequences in the film Aviator
    • SkyTerra Communications, Inc. completed its purchase of 100% controlling interest in Hughes Network Systems from the DirecTV Group in January 2006.


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قراءات إضافية

  • The history of Hughes Aircraft Company is examined in Jason H. Gart, "Electronics and Aerospace Industry in Cold War Arizona, 1945-1968: Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Goodyear Aircraft." Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, 2006, and in Marrett, George J. "Howard Hughes: Aviator," Naval Institute Press, 2004.
  • D.Kenneth Richardson (2011). Hughes After Howard: The Story of Hughes Aircraft Company. Sea Hill Press ISBN 978-0970805089
  • Walter Sobkiw (2011). Systems Practices as Common Sense. CassBeth ISBN 978-0983253082

المصادر

  1. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Hughes/Aero44.htm
  2. ^ Francillon 1990, pp. 18–19.
  3. ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 158–159.
  4. ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 170–172.
  5. ^ Francillon 1990, pp. 21–22.
  6. ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 199–201.
  7. ^ Bartlett & Steele 1979, pp. 349–350.
  8. ^ Francillon 1990, pp. 25–26.
  9. ^ أ ب "Hughes Electronics Corporation - American corporation". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2018. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "brit" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  10. ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 49, Cypress, CA, 2013.
  11. ^ "American airplanes: Ha - Hu". aerofiles.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  12. ^ Judy, Rumerman. "The Hughes Companies". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
  13. ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 49-58, Cypress, CA, 2013.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972). Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc. pp. 163–164.
  15. ^ "ACME". Archived from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-08-31. TRW Canoga Park
  16. ^ Leighton, David (2015-05-05). "Street Smarts: Tucson's biggest manufacturing plant was almost built in Phoenix". Arizona Daily Star. pp. A2, A5. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
  17. ^ Winslow, Ron (2006-09-22). "Virginia lab putting big money into pure research". The Wall Street Journal. Associated Press Financial Wire. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  18. ^ "The Electronic Properties Information Center (EPIC)". dtic.mil. Retrieved 29 April 2018.[dead link]
  19. ^ TECHNICAL REPORT CMU/SEI-98-TR-006 ESC-TR-98-006 Hughes Aircraft’s Widespread Deployment of a Continuously Improving Software Process "Continuously Improving Software Process" (PDF). 31 October 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-05.

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