شركة خليج هدسن

For other uses, see Hudson's Bay (disambiguation).

Hudson's Bay Company
Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson

النوع	Private (formerly Public)
الصناعة	Retail
تأسست	2 May 1670 (2 May 1670 London, England
المؤسس	پيير-إسپري راديسون
المقر الرئيسي	8925 Torbram Road Brampton, Ontario, Canada
الأشخاص الرئيسيون	Richard Baker (Governor, executive chairman and CEO)
الدخل	▲ قالب:CAD (2018)
الدخل الصافي	قالب:CAD (2018)
المالك	NRDC Equity Partners (48%)
الموظفون	30,000 (2017)
الأقسام	Hudson's Bay Saks Fifth Avenue Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.hbc.com

Heraldic achievement of Hudson's Bay Company: Argent, a cross gules between four beavers passant proper. Crest: On a chapeau gules turned up ermine a fox sejant proper. Supporters: Two bucks proper. Latin Motto: لاتينية: pro pelle cutem, lit. 'skin for leather' apparently a play on Job, 2:4: Pellem pro pelle "skin for skin".

The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC; فرنسية: Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson CBH) is a Canadian retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada and the United States. In 2006 HBC was sold for $1.1 billion to an American business man, Jerry Zucker, and as such is no longer a Canadian-owned company. The company sold most of its European operations by August 2019 and its remaining stores, in the Netherlands, were closed by the end of 2019. HBC owns the Saks Fifth Avenue and Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th stores in the United States; most other American operations were sold by mid-2019 and the last remaining stores (Lord & Taylor chain) were sold prior to the end of 2019.

The company's namesake business division is Hudson's Bay, commonly referred to as The Bay (La Baie in French).

After incorporation by English royal charter in 1670, the company functioned as the de facto government in parts of North America for nearly 200 years until the HBC sold the land it owned (the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin, known as Rupert's Land) to Canada in 1869 as part of the Deed of Surrender, authorized by the Rupert's Land Act 1868. During its peak, the company controlled the fur trade throughout much of the English- and later British-controlled North America. By the mid-19th century, the company evolved into a mercantile business selling a wide variety of products from furs to fine homeware in a small number of sales shops (as opposed to trading posts) across Canada. These shops were the first step towards the department stores the company owns today.

In 2008, HBC was acquired by NRDC Equity Partners, which also owned the upmarket American department store Lord & Taylor. From 2008 to 2012, the HBC was run through a holding company of NRDC, Hudson's Bay Trading Company, which was dissolved in early 2012. HBC's head office is currently located in Brampton, Ontario. Until March 2020 the company was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol "HBC.TO".

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 History

 17th century

Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1801 to 1965

The Company's flag from 1707 to 1801

The Company's flag from 1682 to 1707

 21st century

The Hudson's Bay Company building in Montreal, originally the Morgan's flagship store

 Lord & Taylor stores

On 24 January 2012, the Financial Post reported that Richard Baker (owner of NDRC and governor of Hudson's Bay Company) had dissolved Hudson's Bay Trading Company and that the HBC would now also operate the Lord & Taylor chain. At the time, the company was run by president Bonnie Brooks. Baker remained governor and CEO of the business, and Donald Watros stayed on as chief operating officer.

In 2018, HBC sold the building that housed its flagship Lord & Taylor store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to WeWork Property Advisors after pressure from Land & Buildings Investment Management. The deal also included the use of floors of certain HBC-owned department stores in New York, Toronto, Vancouver and Germany as WeWork's shared office workspaces.

In August 2019, HBC announced that it would sell their Lord & Taylor business to Le Tote Inc., which was to pay قالب:CAD in cash when the deal closes (probably before year end 2019) and an additional قالب:CAD two years later. HBC was to get a 25 per cent equity stake in Le Tote. The buyer would retain the stores' inventory, with an estimated value of قالب:CAD. The deal, expected to close before year end, required HBC to pay the stores' rent for at least three years, leading one news report to describe it as "Not a clean exit". The liability to HBC for the rents was estimated at قالب:CAD cash per year.

 2012 initial public offering

In October 2012, the HBC announced a $1.6 billion initial public offering (IPO); Baker planned to use the IPO to allow Canadian ownership to return to the company, and to help pay off debts with other partners. Additionally, the company also announced that it would re-brand The Bay department store chain as "Hudson's Bay".

Hudson's Bay Queen Street store in downtown Toronto, the chain's flagship store

 Purchase of Saks, Inc.

On 29 July 2013, Hudson's Bay Company announced that it would buy Saks, Inc., operator of the U.S. Saks Fifth Avenue brand, for US$2.9 billion, or $16 per share. The merger was completed on 3 November 2013. The company also stated that as a result of the purchase, Canadian consumers would see Saks stores arriving in their country soon. After the purchase was finalized, HBC had a net loss of $124.2 million in the 2013 3Q due to the cost of the purchase and promotions.

In late February 2019, HBC announced that it would close 20 of the 133 Saks stores and that all of the remaining locations would be "subject to review".

 Rivals

The HBC is the only European trading company to have survived and outlived all its rivals.

Years	Company	Fate
1551–1917	Muscovy Company	Taken over by the Soviet Union and now operates as charity.
1581–1825	Levant Company	Dissolved
1600–1874	Honourable East India Company	Dissolved
1602–1800	Dutch East India Company	Went bankrupt and assets taken over by Dutch government
1621–1791	Dutch West India Company	Bought by the Dutch government
1672–1752	Royal African Company	Replaced by the African Company of Merchants, which folded in 1821.
1711–1850s	South Sea Company	Abolished by bankruptcy and the Louisiana Purchase
1779–1821	North West Company	Merged with the HBC
1799–1867	Russian-American Company	Folded with the sale of Russian America to the U.S. and commercial assets in North America sold to Hutchinson, Kohl & Company (now as the Alaska Commercial Company)
1808–1842	American Fur Company	Folded

 See also

• Beaver hat
• British colonization of the Americas
• Frontier (2016 TV series)
• Home Outfitters
• Hudson's Bay point blanket
• Hudson's Bay tokens
• James Douglas (governor)
• List of department stores by country § Canada
• List of Hudson's Bay Company brands
• List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
• List of trading companies
• New Caledonia (Canada)
• North-West Rebellion
• Voyageurs

 Bibliography

• Galbraith, John S. (1957). Hudson's Bay Company As an Imperial Factor 1821–1869. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Retrieved 6 أكتوبر 2015.
• Newman, Peter C. (1985). Company of Adventurers, Vol. I. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-0379-8.
• Rich, Edwin Ernest (1958). The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 – 1870. Vol. Volume I.: 1670–1763. Hudson's Bay Record Society. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

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 Further reading

• Bryce, George (1968). The Remarkable History of Hudson's Bay Company. New York: B. Franklin.
• Buss, Helen M (2003), Undelivered Letters to Hudson's Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast, University of British Columbia Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-0973-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=N4QKXOOjv_cC 
• "The Beaver: Exploring Canada's History". Periodical. An Illustrated Canadian History Magazine Published by the HBC 1920 – 1994. By CNHS Since 1994. Winnipeg. 1920.
• Cowie, Isaac (1913). The Company of Adventurers: a Narrative of Seven Years in the Service of the Hudson's Bay Company during 1867–1874, on the Great Buffalo Plains. Toronto: William Briggs.
• Dillon, Richard H. (2012) [1975]. Siskiyou Trail: Hudson's Bay Company Route to California. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1-6180-9063-8.
• Elle, Andra-Warner (2009), Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: The Rollicking Saga of Canada's Fur Traders, Heritage House, ISBN 978-1-894974-68-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=3iXIqHDnIs4C 
• Gibson, James R., ed. (2019). "Opposition on the Coast": The Hudson's Bay Company, American Coasters, the Russian-American Company, and Native Traders on the Northwest Coast, 1825-1846 (in الإنجليزية). doi:10.3138/9780772764430. ISBN 978-0-7727-6441-6.
• Hearne, Samuel (1795). A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean. London: A. Strahan and T. Cadell Publishers. – 2011 reprint: A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne في كتب گوگل
• Laut, Agnes C. (1908). The Conquest of the Great Northwest. New York: Outing Publishing.
• MacKay, Douglas (1936). The Honourable Company: A History of the Hudson's Bay Company. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
• Maurice, Edward Beauclerk (2006) [2004]. The Last of the Gentleman Adventurers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 978-0-5477-5432-1.
• Murray, Alexander Hunter (1848). Expedition to Build a Hudson's Bay Company Post on the Yukon, 1847–48.
• Newman, Peter C. (1987). Caesars of the Wilderness: Company of Adventurers, Vol. II. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-0967-7.
• Newman, Peter C. (1989). Empire of the Bay: An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Company. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-2969-9.
• Newman, Peter C. (1991). Merchant Princes: Company of Adventurers, Vol. III. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-4098-4.
• Newman, Peter C. (2002). An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Company (Previously published as Empire of the Bay). Toronto: Penguin Canada/Madison Press. ISBN 978-0-6708-2969-9.
• Newman, Peter C. (2005). Company of Adventurers: How the Hudson's Bay Empire Determined the Destiny of a Continent. Toronto: Penguin Canada. ISBN 978-0-1430-5147-3.
• Opp, James (2015). "Branding 'the Bay/la Baie': Corporate Identity, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Burden of History in the 1960s". Canadian Historical Review. 96 (2): 223–256. doi:10.3138/chr.2675. S2CID 160967383.
• Reed, Charles B. (1914). Masters of the Wilderness. Chicago Historical Society, University of Chicago Press.
• Rich, Edwin Ernest (1959). The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 – 1870. Vol. Volume II.: 1763–1870. Hudson's Bay Record Society. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Rich, Edwin Ernest (1966). Montreal and the Fur Trade. Beatty Memorial Lectures (reprint ed.). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-9431-9.
• Rich, Edwin Ernest (1967). The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
• Simmons, Deidre (2007). Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3291-5.
• Tichenor, Harold (2002). The Blanket: An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Point Blanket. Toronto: Quantum Books for Hudson's Bay Company. ISBN 978-1-8958-9220-8.
• Van Kirk, Sylvia (1999) [1980]. Many Tender Ties: Women in the Fur- Trade Society, 1670–1870. Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer. ISBN 978-1-8962-3951-4. – 1983 edition: Many Tender Ties: Women in the Fur- Trade Society, 1670–1870 في كتب گوگل
• Van Kirk, Sylvia (1984). "The Role of Native Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670–1830". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 7 (3): 9–13. doi:10.2307/3346234. JSTOR 3346234.
• Van Kirk, Sylvia (1991). "The Role of Native Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670–1830". In Strong-Boag, Veronica; Fellman, Anita Clair (eds.). Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History (2nd ed.). Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman. ISBN 978-0-7730-5097-6.
• White, Bruce. M. (Winter 1999). "The Woman who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade". Ethnohistory. 46 (1): 109–147. JSTOR 483430.
• Willson, Beckles (1900). The Great Company (1667–1871): A History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-adventurers Trading Into Hudson's Bay. London: Smith, Elder and Company. – Also: The Great Company, 1667–1871: Being a History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-Adventurers Trading into Hudson's Bay في كتب گوگل

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 External links

• Official website
• HBC Heritage website
• Hudson's Bay Company Archives – held by the Government of Manitoba
• أعمال من Hudson's Bay Company في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Works by or about شركة خليج هدسن at Internet Archive
• John Work Papers. 1823–62. 0.42 cubic feet (1 box). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains records from Work's service as an officer of the Hudson's Bay Company at various company settlements, including Fort Vancouver, Fort Colvile, Spokane House, Fort Simpson, Fort Nisqually, and Fort Victoria.
• Hudson's Bay Company papers at the University of Oregon
• The Other Side of the Ledger: An Indian View of the Hudson's Bay Company
• The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Hudson's Bay Company
• H. Bullock-Webster fonds – An artistic rendition of the Canadian fur trade, from the UBC Library Digital Collections, depicting social life, activities and customs in Hudson's Bay Company posts in the 19th Century
• Elizabeth F. Washburn Journal on her experiences on board the Hudson's Bay Company's supply ship "Rupertsland" at Dartmouth College Library
• Documents and clippings about شركة خليج هدسن in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW