سپيس‌إكس ستارشيپ (المركبة الفضائية)

هذا المقال هو عن the second-stage of the vehicle also named Starship. إذا كنت تريد a list of Starship second stages، انظر List of Starship vehicles. إذا كنت تريد interstellar spacecrafts، انظر starship.
Starship
Starship S20.jpg
Starship prototype SN20 at the launch site; the distinctive stainless steel structure is visible as well as the edges of the dark thermal protection tiles that cover the windward side of the vehicle.
المُصنعSpaceX
بلد المنشأUnited States
المشغلSpaceX
التطبيقات
Specifications
نوع سفينة الفضاءCrewed, reusable
قدرة الحمولة200,000 kg (440,000 lb) (planned)[1]
قدرة الطاقمUp to 100 (planned)
الحجم1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft) (planned)
Wingspan17 m (56 ft)
الانتاج
الوضعIn development
الإطلاقخطأ في التعبير: علامة ترقيم لم نتعرف عليها «[».
التقاعد3
فشلت
فقدت
  • Block 1: 1 (IFT-1)
  • Block 2: 0
سفينة الفضاء المتعلقة
المشتقاتStarship HLS
حلق معSpaceX Super Heavy
Stage info
المرحلة Second - Starship
الطول
  • Block 1: 50.3 m (165 ft)
  • Block 2: 52.1 m (171 ft)
القطر9 m (30 ft)
الكتلة الفارغة
  • Block 1: ~100 t (220,000 lb)[2]
  • Block 2: 85 t (187,000 lb)[3]
الكتلة الإجمالية
  • Block 1: ~1,300 t (2,900,000 lb)
  • Block 2: 1,585 t (3,494,000 lb)
[أ]
كتلة الدافع
  • Block 1: 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb)
  • Block 2: 1,500 t (3,300,000 lb)
المحركات3 × Raptor engines
3 × Raptor vacuum engines
الدفع12,300 kN (2,800,000 lbf)
الاندفاع النوعيSL: 327 s (3.21 km/s)
vac: 380 s (3.7 km/s)
الوقودCH
4 / LOX

Starship is a spacecraft and second stage[4] under development by American aerospace company SpaceX. Stacked atop its booster, the Super Heavy, the pair compose SpaceX's super heavy-lift space vehicle, also called Starship. The spacecraft is designed to transport both crew and cargo to a variety of destinations, including Earth orbit, the Moon, and Mars. It's designed to be reusable and capable of landing propulsively by firing its engines to perform a controlled descent[5] in the arms of a tower on Earth or with landing legs on other planetary bodies.[6] It is intended to enable long duration interplanetary flights with a crew of up to 100 people.[4] It will also be capable of point-to-point transport on Earth, enabling travel to anywhere in the world in less than an hour. Furthermore, it will be used to refuel other Starship spacecraft, enabling them to reach higher orbits and other space destinations. Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX, estimated in a tweet that eight launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in low Earth orbit, enabling it to travel onwards.[7]

Development began in 2012, when Musk described a plan to build a reusable launch vehicle with substantially greater capabilities than the Falcon 9 and the planned Falcon Heavy. The rocket evolved through many design and name changes. On July 25, 2019, the Starhopper prototype performed the first successful flight at SpaceX Starbase near Boca Chica, Texas.[8] In May 2021, the SN15 prototype became the first full-size test spacecraft to take off and land successfully.[9] On April 20, 2023, Starship 24 performed the first full flight test on top of a Super Heavy booster, followed by a second test on November 18, 2023, when Starship 25 successfully completed hot-staging and passed the Kármán Line, becoming the first Starship to reach space as well as the heaviest object to ever reach space, before exploding at 148 km.[10][11][12][13][14] As of November 2024, SpaceX has conducted 4 more flight tests of Starship, successfully achieving orbital velocities and gradually testing the atmospheric reentry and vertical landing capabilities of the vehicle by performing controlled splashdowns into the Indian Ocean.[15] In April 2024, Elon Musk announced two new versions of Starship, Block 2 and Block 3. Both versions will be taller and will have increased thrust.[1]

التصميم

Diagram of a Block 1 Starship's internal structure. Not shown in this diagram are the flaps: the aft flaps are placed at the bottom (or left in this orientation), and the forward flaps are placed at the top (here, right) portion of the vehicle.

The Block 2 version of Starship is 52.1 m (171 ft) tall, 9 m (30 ft) wide,[1] and is composed of four general sections: the engine bay, the oxygen tank, the fuel tank, and the payload bay.[2] The retired Block 1 was constructed in a similar manner, though it was only 50.3 m (165 ft) tall. Elon Musk stated in 2021 that the vehicle has a dry mass of roughly 100 t (220,000 lb).[2] The windward side is protected by a heat shield, which is composed of eighteen thousand[16][17] hexagonal black tiles that can withstand temperatures of 1,400 °C (2,600 °F).[18][19] It is designed to protect the vehicle during atmospheric entry and to be used multiple times with minimal maintenance between flights.[20] The silica-based tiles are attached to Starship with pins,[19] and have small gaps in between to allow for heat expansion.[21][2] After IFT-4, SpaceX added a secondary ablative layer under the primary heat shield,[22] though this was only added to the flaps of the IFT-6 vehicle.[23] This ablative layer is likely composed of pyron, which is similar in composition to carbon composites.[24] The total mass of the heat shield and ablative layer of a Block 1 ship is 10.5 t (23,000 lb).[25]


الخزانات

The propellant tanks on Starship are separated by a common bulkhead, similar to the ones used on the S-II and S-IVB stages on the Saturn V rocket.[26] While Block 2 vehicles use an elliptical dome,[27] the common and forward domes of the Block 1 design were more conical.[28] Block 1 vehicles only had 24 stringers within the oxygen tank,[29] while Block 2 vehicles hade these added to the methane tanks.[30] The vehicle's tanks hold 1,500 t (3,300,000 lb) of propellant,[1] consisting of 1,170 t (2,580,000 lb) of liquid oxygen and 330 t (730,000 lb) of liquid methane.[ب]

Fuel is fed to the engines via four downcomers, with three smaller downcomers feeding the Vacuum Raptors/RVacs and the central downcomer feeding the inner three engines.[31] The central downcomer connects to a large sump, instead of directly to the methane tank itself.[32] The original design only featured a single downcomer.[33] The LOX downcomer extends into the LOX tank, with a small expanded portion of unknown purpose.[34] Two additional downcomers route methane and oxygen from the header tanks.[35] A camera is located on the walls of the tank, pointed towards the payload bay.[36]

The oxygen tank terminates with the thrust structure of the vehicle.[28] The RVacs are mounted directly to the aft dome, which has reinforcements mounted inside of the tank.[28] The three sea level engines are mounted on the thrust puck, which forms the bottom of the aft dome.[37] A conical steel structure is mounted inside the bottom of the dome, reinforcing the thrust puck enough to enable its support of the inner three engines.[38] The propellant lines on the vehicles are all vacuum jacketed, reducing boiloff while in orbit.[39][40]

الدفع

Starship is powered by 6 Raptor engines, which are housed within a dedicated shielding compartment.[41] An additional three RVacs will be added to the Block 3 ship design.[1] These engines are equipped with gimbal actuators, and reignite for the landing burns.[24] After Starship's second flight test, this gimbaling system was switched from a hydraulic system to an electric one, enabling the removal of the hydraulic power units.[42] This change was made to the booster after the first flight test.[43] There are four engine chill lines onboard the vehicle, though two of these lines may serve another purpose.[44]

Each engine is protected by a dedicated shielding compartment.[45] Beginning with S25, the Block 1 design had between 14 and 16 such vents.[45] Additional vents were added after flight 7.[46] The fire suppression system, which uses gaseous nitrogen to purge the engine bay during flight was upgraded after flight 7.[47] A similar system on the booster uses CO2 to purge the individual engine compartments during flight and static fires.[48]

The Raptor engine uses a full-flow staged combustion cycle, which has both oxygen and methane-rich turbopumps.[49][50] Before 2014, only two full-flow staged-combustion rocket engine designs had advanced enough to undergo testing: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator in the mid-2000s.[51] To improve performance, the engines burn super cooled propellant.[52]

The Block 1 version of the ship (used through November 2024) produces a total of 12.25 MN (2,750,000 lbf)[1] almost triple the thrust of the Saturn V second stage, with this total being expected to increase to 15.69 MN (3,530,000 lbf) for Block 2 boosters and later up to 26.48 MN (5,950,000 lbf) with the Block 3 vehicle.[1]

During unpowered flight in orbit, control authority is provided by cold gas thrusters fed with residual ullage gas.[53] Four such thrusters are located just below the payload bay,[54] and two on the oxygen tank.[55] Near the top of the nosecone, there are two vents connected to the header tanks.[55] Addtional vents were added at the base of the vehicle after flight two.[56]

Payload bay

The payload bay hosts the nosecone, header tanks, forward flaps, multiple COPVs, and the "pez dispenser".[57] The header tanks are mounted at the tip of the payload bay.[53] The LOX header tank forms the top of the nosecone, with the methane header tank attached directly below it.[58] These tanks terminate in a conical sump, which are attached to the downcomers.[59] Several COPVs are mounted in the space around the methane header tank, providing the startup gas for the engines,[57] with additional COPVs within the base of the payload bay.[23]

The nosecone has substantial internal reinforcement, mainly around the forward flap attachment points and lifting points for the chopsticks.[57] The number of internal stringers was increased between Block 1 and Block 2 vehicles.[60] Additional reinforcements are used to support the pez dispenser on ships equipped with one.[60] Four Starlink antennas are located within the nosecone.[61]

The pez dispenser is used to deploy Starlink satellites into LEO.[62] It was first added to S24, though it was permanently sealed until flight 3. It consists of the dispenser mechanism and the door.[53] Its approximately 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) tall and 7.3 m (24 ft) wide.[63] In order to account for the door, significant structural reinforcements are added around it.[64] During assembly, additional reinforcements are added to the door.[63] The door has substantial reinforcements added to its interior, helping prevent deformation.[63] The door is capable of maintaining a seal during flight, so long as it is not opened.[63] While opening, it fold into the payload bay.[65]

The dispenser itself is mounted directly to the forward dome.[63] It has a truss structure for its base, with solid steel used elsewhere.[63] A mobile track is used in the base, enabling the dispenser to push the satellite out of the vehicle.[63] After dispensing a satellite, the next payload is lowered onto the base, and is deployed.[63] The opposite occurs during loading, with the dispenser raising its payloads to receive another satellite.[63] In order to prevent the satellite from floating out of the mechanism during zero-g operations, the dispenser locks the satellites in position using a "retention frame". This is lowered alongside the satellites during operation.[63]

Flaps

Starship's flap

Starship controls its reentry with four flaps, two aft flaps mounted to the sides of the engine bay and LOX tank and two forward flaps on the payload bay.[66] Substantial reinforcements are present in the nosecone for the support of the forward flaps.[27] According to SpaceX, the flaps replace the need for wings or tailplane, reduce the fuel needed for landing, and allow landing at destinations in the Solar System where runways do not exist (for example, Mars). The flap's hinges are sealed in aerocovers because they would otherwise be easily damaged during reentry.[2] Static wicks are present on the flaps, aiding in the discharge of static electricity.[61]

Despite this, damage to the forward flaps was observed on flights four,[67] five,[24] and six,[68] with near complete loss occurring on flight 4.[69] Beginning with Block 2, the design of these forward flaps was significantly changed, moving leeward and becoming thinner and angled.[36] This sets them at an approximately 140-degree angle, compared to the 180-degree angle of the aft flaps and previous version of the forward flaps.[33] This change was made to prevent the damage observed on the last three flights of the Block 1 ship.[70] Both sets of flaps feature cameras in their hinges.[36]

التنويعات

Starship stack HLS.jpgStarship stack tanker.jpgStarship stack storage depot.jpg
Starship stacks with 3 upper stage variants: HLS, propellant tanker and propellant depot. The vented interstage, located between the Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy booster, is not included in this render.

For a non-Starlink satellite launch, Starship is planned to have a large cargo door that opens to release payloads, similar to NASA's Space Shuttle, and close upon reentry instead of a jettisonable nosecone fairing. Instead of a cleanroom, payloads are integrated directly into Starship's payload bay, which requires purging the payload bay with temperature-controlled ISO class 8 clean air.[71]

Crewed Starship vehicles would replace the cargo bay with a pressurized crew section and have a life-support system. For long-duration missions, such as crewed flights to Mars, SpaceX describes the interior as potentially including "private cabins, large communal areas, centralized storage, solar storm shelters, and a viewing gallery".[71] Starship's life support system is expected to recycle resources such as air and water from waste.[72]

Starship will be able to refuel by docking with separately launched Starship propellant tanker spacecraft in orbit. Doing so increases the spacecraft's mass capacity and allows it to reach higher-energy targets,[ت] such as geosynchronous orbit, the Moon, and Mars.[73] A Starship propellant depot could cache methane and oxygen on-orbit and be used by Starship to replenish its fuel tanks.

Starship Human Landing System (HLS) is a crewed lunar lander variant of the Starship vehicle that would be modified for landing, operation, and takeoff from the lunar surface.[74] It features landing legs, a body-mounted solar array,[75] a set of thrusters mounted mid-body to assist with final landing and takeoff,[75] two airlocks,[74] and an elevator to lower crew and cargo onto the lunar surface.[76]

Varying estimates have been given about the number of tanker launches required to fully fuel HLS, ranging from between "four and eight" to a number "in the high teens".[77][78] These launches will reportedly have to be in "rapid succession" in order to manage schedule constraints and cryogenic fuel boil-off.[77] When fully fueled, Starship HLS is designed to land 100 t (220,000 lb) of payload on the Moon.[79][80][81]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ تصميم سپيس‌إكس ستارشيپ

المفاهيم المبكرة

ناقل مستعمرة المريخ

In October 2012, the company made the first public articulation of plans to develop a fully reusable rocket system with substantially greater capabilities than SpaceX's existing Falcon 9.[82] Later in 2012,[83] the company first mentioned the Mars Colonial Transporter rocket concept in public. It was to be able to carry 100 people or 100 t (220,000 lb) of cargo to Mars and would be powered by methane-fueled Raptor engines.[84] Musk referred to this new launch vehicle under the unspecified acronym "MCT",[82] revealed to stand for "Mars Colonial Transporter" in 2013,[85] which would serve as part of the company's Mars system architecture.[51] SpaceX COO Gwynne Shotwell gave a potential payload range between 150 and 200 tons to low Earth orbit for the planned rocket.[82] According to SpaceX engine development head Tom Mueller, SpaceX could use nine Raptor engines on a single MCT booster or spacecraft.[86][87] The preliminary design would be at least 10 meters (33 ft) in diameter, and was expected to have up to three cores totaling at least 27 booster engines.[51]

نظام النقل بين الكواكب

In 2016, the name of the Mars Colonial Transporter system was changed to the Interplanetary Transport System (ITS), due to the vehicle being capable of other destinations.[88] Additionally, Elon Musk provided more details about the space mission architecture, launch vehicle, spacecraft, and Raptor engines. The first test firing of a Raptor engine on a test stand took place in September 2016.[89][90]

2016 artist concept of the ITS Interplanetary Spaceship, in orbit near the rings of Saturn

The ITS second stage was planned to be used for long-duration spaceflight, instead of solely being used for reaching orbit. The two proposed variants aimed to be reusable.[91] Its maximum width would be 17 m (56 ft), with three sea level Raptor engines, and six optimized for vacuum firing. Total engine thrust in a vacuum was to be about 31 MN (7,000,000 lbf).[92] It would have 1,950 tonnes (4,300,000 lb) of propellant, and a dry mass of 150 tonnes (330,000 lb).[92]

Big Falcon Rocket

In September 2017, at the 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress, Musk announced a new launch vehicle calling it the BFR, again changing the name, though stating that the name was temporary.[93] The acronym was alternatively stated as standing for Big Falcon Rocket or Big Fucking Rocket, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the BFG from the Doom video game series.[94]

The BFR was designed to be 106 meters (348 ft) tall, 9 meters (30 ft) in diameter, and made of carbon composites.[95][96] The upper stage, known as Big Falcon Ship (BFS), included a small delta wing at the rear end with split flaps for pitch and roll control. The delta wing and split flaps were said to expand the flight envelope to allow the ship to land in a variety of atmospheric densities (vacuum, thin, or heavy atmosphere) with a wide range of payloads.[95][93]:18:05–19:25 The BFS design originally had six Raptor engines, with four vacuum and two sea-level. By late 2017, SpaceX added a third sea-level engine (totaling 7) to allow greater Earth-to-Earth payload landings and still ensure capability if one of the engines fails.[97][ث]

ستارشيپ

In December 2018, the structural material was changed from carbon composites[98][91] to stainless steel,[99][100] marking the transition from early design concepts of the Starship.[99][101][102] Musk cited numerous reasons for the design change; low cost and ease of manufacture, increased strength of stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures, as well as its ability to withstand high heat.[103][101] The windward side would be cooled during entry by allowing fuel or water to bleed through micropores in a double-wall stainless steel skin, removing heat by evaporation. The liquid-cooled windward side was changed in 2019 to use reusable heat shield tiles similar to those of the Space Shuttle.[104][105]

In 2019, SpaceX began to refer to the entire vehicle as Starship, with the second stage being called Starship and the booster Super Heavy.[106][107][108][109]

Initial testing

The first tests started with the construction of the first prototype in 2018, Starhopper, which performed several static fires and two successful low-altitude flights in 2019.[110] In June 2020, SpaceX started constructing a launch pad for orbital Starship flights. In August and September 2020, SN5 and SN6 conducted a 150 m (500 ft) hop test.[111][112] This was followed by a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) flight test in December 2020, using SN8. Despite a full successfully ascent burn, SN8 failed during the landing attempt, due to low methane header tank pressure.[113]

SN8 shortly after taking off, December 2020

On February 2, 2021, Starship SN9 launched to 10 km (6.2 mi) in a flight path similar to SN8. The prototype crashed upon landing because one engine did not ignite properly.[114] A month later, on March 3, Starship SN10 launched on the same flight path as SN9.[115] The vehicle landed hard and crushed its landing legs, and detonated ten minutes later.[116] On March 30, Starship SN11 flew into thick fog along the same flight path.[117] The vehicle exploded during descent,[117] possibly due to excess propellant in a Raptor's methane turbopump.[118] On May 5, 2021, SN15 launched, completed the same maneuvers as older prototypes, and landed safely.[119] SN15 had a fire in the engine area after landing but it was extinguished.[120]

اختبارات الطيران المتكاملة

Booster 7 and Ship 24 conducted several static fire and spin prime tests before launch,[121](p. 20)[122] with the first such test doing significant damage to Booster 7 on July 11, 2022.[123] After a launch attempt aborted on April 17, 2023,[124] Booster 7 and Ship 24 lifted off on 20 April at 13:33 UTC in the first orbital flight test, with the vehicle being destroyed before stage separation.[83]

Starship during the second integrated flight attempt

On November 18, 2023, Booster 9 and Ship 25 lifted off the pad.[125] After a successful stage separation, the second stage continued its ascent until it reached an altitude of ~149 kilometres (93 mi), before the flight termination system activated, and destroyed the vehicle.[126] It appeared to re-enter a few hundred miles north of the Virgin Islands, according to NOAA weather radar data.[127]

Flight 3 launched from the SpaceX Starbase facility along the South Texas coast around 8:25 CDT on March 14, 2024, coincidentally the 22nd anniversary of its founding.[128][129] After stage separation, the Starship vehicle reached orbital velocity. While on an almost-orbital trajectory, the vehicle conducted several tests after engine cutoff, including initiating a propellant transfer demo and payload dispenser test.[130][131] It attempted to re-enter the atmosphere,[132][133] and at an altitude of around 65 km (40 mi), all telemetry from Ship 28 stopped, indicating a loss of the vehicle.[134]

The fourth flight test of the full Starship configuration launched on June 6, 2024, at 7:50 AM CDT.[135] The goals for the test flight were for the ship to survive peak heating during atmospheric reentry.[136] The ship survived atmospheric reentry and successfully ignited its engines for a controlled splashdown.[137]

Flight 6 was flown on November 19, 2024, successfully relighting a Raptor engine in the vacuum of space, paving the way for payload deployments on future flights.[138] A stuffed toy banana served as the zero-g indicator, becoming Starship's first payload, though it remained within the vehicle for the duration of the flight.[138] Eric Berger claimed that, due to the success of the in-space relight, Starship would likely be "cleared to travel into orbit".[139]


انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Gross mass is the total of the propellant mass (1,200,000 kg) and approximate empty mass (100,000 kg).
  2. ^ 78% of 1,500 t (3,300,000 lb) is 1,170 t (2,580,000 lb) of liquid oxygen.
  3. ^ Synonymous with increasing the delta-v budget of the spacecraft.
  4. ^ "Still ensuring capability if one of the engine fails" is what the source means by "engine-out capability".

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Berger, Eric (2024-04-08). "Elon Musk just gave another Mars speech—this time the vision seems tangible". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-01-17.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Sesnic, Trevor (11 August 2021). "Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk". The Everyday Astronaut (Interview) (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  3. ^ Davies, Rachael (2025-02-04). "SpaceX's Starship rocket explosion may have released more than just debris". ReadWrite (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-02-04.
  4. ^ أ ب "SpaceX – Starship". SpaceX. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2023. Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship system.
  5. ^ Foust, Jeff (6 January 2021). "SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics Compete to Build the Next Moon Lander". IEEE Spectrum (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  6. ^ Weber, Ryan (2021-10-31). "Major elements of Starship Orbital Launch Pad in place as launch readiness draws nearer". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  7. ^ "Musk Says That Refueling Starship For Lunar Landings will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4)". August 18, 2021. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
  8. ^ Malik, Tariq (July 26, 2019). "SpaceX Starship Prototype Takes 1st Free-Flying Test Hop". Space.com (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  9. ^ Roulette, Joey (May 5, 2021). "SpaceX successfully landed a Starship prototype for the first time". The Verge (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  10. ^ "SpaceX Starship IFT-2 Launch: Ship 25 Reaches Space! / WAI Hub". www.whataboutit.space (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  11. ^ (in en)It Really Happened! Starship Test Flight 2 Debrief | NSF LIVE, November 19, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX9z8NcRkqA, retrieved on 2023-12-15 
  12. ^ "SpaceX". SpaceX (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  13. ^ Weber, Ryan (2023-11-17). "After upgrades, Starship achieves numerous successes during second test flight". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  14. ^ DeSisto, Austin (2023-11-08). "Starship/SuperHeavy | Integrated Flight Test No. 2". Everyday Astronaut (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  15. ^ Sample, Ian (2024-10-13). "SpaceX launches Starship rocket and catches booster in giant metal arms". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  16. ^ "SpaceX". SpaceX (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  17. ^ Sheetz, Michael (6 August 2021). "Musk: 'Dream come true' to see fully stacked SpaceX Starship rocket during prep for orbital launch" (in الإنجليزية). CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  18. ^ Torbet, Georgina (29 March 2019). "SpaceX's Hexagon Heat Shield Tiles Take on an Industrial Flamethrower". Digital Trends (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  19. ^ أ ب Reichhardt, Tony (December 14, 2021). "Marsliner". Air & Space/Smithsonian (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  20. ^ (24 August 2021) "SCIFLI Starship Reentry Observation (SSRO) ACO (SpaceX Starship)" in Game Changing Development Annual Program Review 2021., NASA. 
  21. ^ Bergeron, Julia (6 April 2021). "New permits shed light on the activity at SpaceX's Cidco and Roberts Road facilities". NASASpaceflight (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  22. ^ NASASpaceflight (2024-06-22). New Ablative Material Spotted on Ship 30 | SpaceX Boca Chica. Retrieved 2025-03-03 – via YouTube.
  23. ^ أ ب "Starship's Sixth Flight Test". SpaceX. November 6, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  24. ^ أ ب ت Weber, Ryan (2024-10-12). "SpaceX Catches a Super Heavy Booster During a Milestone Flight 5". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-01-30.
  25. ^ "Starship's Fifth Flight Test". SpaceX. October 13, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  26. ^ NASASpaceflight (2020-12-04). SpaceX Boca Chica - SN16 Common Dome Flipped - Work On SN8 Continues. Retrieved 2025-02-28 – via YouTube.
  27. ^ أ ب Weber, Ryan (2024-12-10). "Ship 33 prepares for engine testing, Booster 14 Completes Static Fire". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  28. ^ أ ب ت Alcantarilla Romera, Alejandro; Atkinson, Ian; Gebhardt, Chris; Beil, Adrian; Beyer, Jack (March 31, 2022). How SpaceX is Rapidly Iterating Starship. NASASpaceflight. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023 – via YouTube.
  29. ^ Everyday Astronaut (2024-03-11). What Did SpaceX Change & Upgrade For Starship's 3rd Flight Test?. Retrieved 2025-03-04 – via YouTube.
  30. ^ Weber, Ryan (2024-12-10). "Ship 33 prepares for engine testing, Booster 14 Completes Static Fire". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  31. ^ Weber, Ryan (2024-12-10). "Ship 33 prepares for engine testing, Booster 14 Completes Static Fire". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  32. ^ NASASpaceflight (2024-10-23). Booster 13 Rolled Out While Booster 12's Hotstage Ring is Recovered | SpaceX Boca Chica. Retrieved 2025-03-04 – via YouTube.
  33. ^ أ ب Weber, Ryan (2025-01-16). "SpaceX catches Booster 14 but loses Ship 33 on ascent". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  34. ^ NASASpaceflight (2023-07-23). Booster 9 Ready for Raptor Engine Testing | SpaceX Boca Chica. Event occurs at 8:18. Retrieved 2025-03-01 – via YouTube.
  35. ^ NASASpaceflight (2023-04-26). How Does SpaceX Build Starships at Starbase? From Steel to Starship. Event occurs at 2:56. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  36. ^ أ ب ت Everyday Astronaut (2025-01-12). What's new with Flight 7's massively upgraded Starship?!?. Retrieved 2025-03-04 – via YouTube.
  37. ^ NASASpaceflight (2023-04-26). How Does SpaceX Build Starships at Starbase? From Steel to Starship. Event occurs at 3:27. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ NASASpaceflight (2021-10-14). Thrust Puck for New Starship Spotted | SpaceX Boca Chica. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  39. ^ Beil, Adrian (2024-04-28). "NASA Updates on Starship Refueling, as SpaceX Prepares Flight 4 of Starship". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  40. ^ Weber, Ryan (2025-01-16). "SpaceX catches Booster 14 but loses Ship 33 on ascent". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  41. ^ "Starship's Seventh Flight Test". SpaceX. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  42. ^ "ON THE PATH TO RAPID REUSABILITY". SpaceX (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  43. ^ "UPGRADES AHEAD OF STARSHIP'S SECOND FLIGHT TEST". SpaceX (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  44. ^ NASASpaceflight (2023-09-21). SpaceX Starship’s Major Upgrades for Flight 2. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  45. ^ أ ب NASASpaceflight (2023-09-21). SpaceX Starship’s Major Upgrades for Flight 2. Retrieved 2025-03-01 – via YouTube.
  46. ^ "NEW YEAR. NEW SHIP. NEW LESSONS". SpaceX. February 24, 2025. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  47. ^ "Starship's Eighth Flight Test". SpaceX.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2025-02-24. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  48. ^ "UPGRADES AHEAD OF STARSHIP'S SECOND FLIGHT TEST". SpaceX (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  49. ^ "SpaceX's Mars rocket to be methane-fuelled". 2013-10-30. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  50. ^ "SpaceX's new test rocket briefly hovers during first free flight – The Verge". 2019-07-26. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  51. ^ أ ب ت Belluscio, Alejandro G. (2014-03-07). "SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  52. ^ "Starship Service to Earth Orbit, Moon, Mars and Beyond". SpaceX. October 17, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
  53. ^ أ ب ت Alcantarilla Romera, Alejandro; Atkinson, Ian; Gebhardt, Chris; Beil, Adrian; Beyer, Jack (March 31, 2022). How SpaceX is Rapidly Iterating Starship. NASASpaceflight. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023 – via YouTube.
  54. ^ Everyday Astronaut (2024-05-31). What's different and new on Starship Flight 4?. Retrieved 2025-03-04 – via YouTube.
  55. ^ أ ب NASASpaceflight (2022-03-31). How SpaceX is Rapidly Iterating Starship. Retrieved 2025-03-04 – via YouTube.
  56. ^ Everyday Astronaut (2024-03-11). What Did SpaceX Change & Upgrade For Starship's 3rd Flight Test?. Event occurs at 3:35. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  57. ^ أ ب ت NASASpaceflight (2025-02-24). Starship Stakeout - SpaceX Attempts to Launch Starship an 8th Time. Event occurs at 4:44:00. Retrieved 2025-03-03 – via YouTube.
  58. ^ NASASpaceflight (2023-04-26). How Does SpaceX Build Starships at Starbase? From Steel to Starship. Retrieved 2025-02-28 – via YouTube.
  59. ^ NASASpaceflight (2024-01-10). Potential Starship Version 2 Header Tank Spotted | SpaceX Boca Chica. Event occurs at 8:52. Retrieved 2025-02-28 – via YouTube.
  60. ^ أ ب Jax (2024-12-23). "It's About Damn Time: Starship's Upgraded Flaps & Nosecone". Ringwatchers. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
  61. ^ أ ب Everyday Astronaut (2024-03-11). What Did SpaceX Change & Upgrade For Starship's 3rd Flight Test?. Event occurs at 3:50. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  62. ^ Alcantarilla Romera, Alejandro; Atkinson, Ian; Gebhardt, Chris; Beil, Adrian; Beyer, Jack (March 31, 2022). How SpaceX is Rapidly Iterating Starship. NASASpaceflight. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023 – via YouTube.
  63. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر Jax (2024-03-09). "The PEZ Dispenser: Starship's Payload Deployment System". Ringwatchers. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
  64. ^ Jax (2024-01-13). "Time for Round 3: What's New on Starship 28 & Booster 10?". Ringwatchers. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
  65. ^ Everyday Astronaut (2024-03-11). What Did SpaceX Change & Upgrade For Starship's 3rd Flight Test?. Event occurs at 4:55. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via YouTube.
  66. ^ Beil, Adrian (2024-06-05). "Starship finds success on fourth flight test". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  67. ^ Beil, Adrian (2024-06-05). "Starship finds success on fourth flight test". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-12-09.
  68. ^ Weber, Ryan (2024-11-18). "SpaceX lands Ship 31 in the Indian Ocean but miss the Booster Catch". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-12-09.
  69. ^ SpaceX Launches Fourth Starship Flight Test. NASASpaceflight. 2024-06-06. Retrieved 2024-12-09 – via YouTube.
  70. ^ Musk, Elon (2024-06-22). "First Look Inside SpaceX's Starfactory w/ Elon Musk" (Interview). Interviewed by Tim Dodd. Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 2024-12-09 – via YouTube.
  71. ^ أ ب "Starship Users Guide" (PDF). SpaceX. March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  72. ^ Grush, Loren (October 4, 2019). "Elon Musk's future Starship updates could use more details on human health and survival". The Verge (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  73. ^ Scoles, Sarah (August 12, 2022). "Prime mover". Science (in الإنجليزية). 377 (6607): 702–705. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..702S. doi:10.1126/science.ade2873. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 35951703. S2CID 240464593. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  74. ^ أ ب Burghardt, Thomas (20 April 2021). "After NASA taps SpaceX's Starship for first Artemis landings, the agency looks to on-ramp future vehicles". NASASpaceflight (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  75. ^ أ ب Kurkowski, Seth (2 November 2023). "Leaked new SpaceX Starship HLS renders show a much more refined design". Space Explored (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  76. ^ Foust, Jeff (24 August 2022). "Starship uncrewed lunar lander test a "skeleton" of crewed lander". SpaceNews (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  77. ^ أ ب Foust, Jeff (17 November 2023). "Starship lunar lander missions to require nearly 20 launches, NASA says". SpaceNews (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  78. ^ Harwood, William (9 January 2024). "NASA delays first Artemis astronaut flight to late 2025, moon landing to 2026". CBS News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  79. ^ Satter, Raphael; Jin, Hyunjoo; Vengattil, Munsif (16 April 2021). "'NASA rules,' Musk says as SpaceX wins $2.9 billion moon lander contract". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  80. ^ Berger, Eric (2 May 2022). "SpaceX engineer says NASA should plan for Starship's "significant" capability". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  81. ^ Davenport, Christian (16 April 2023). "SpaceX's launch of Starship could remake space exploration". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  82. ^ أ ب ت Rosenberg, Zach (15 October 2012). "SpaceX aims big with massive new rocket". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  83. ^ أ ب Wattles, Jackie; Strickland, Ashley (2023-04-20). "SpaceX's Starship rocket lifts off for inaugural test flight, but explodes midair". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  84. ^ @NicAnsuini. "Booster 6 common dome makes yet another mysterious appearance" (Tweet) (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-21 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help) Missing or empty |date= (help)
  85. ^ Schaefer, Steve. "SpaceX IPO Cleared For Launch? Elon Musk Says Hold Your Horses". Forbes (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  86. ^ Nellis, Stephen (19 February 2014). "SpaceX's propulsion chief elevates crowd in Santa Barbara". Pacific Coast Business Times. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  87. ^ Belluscio, Alejandro G. (7 March 2014). "SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  88. ^ Berger, Eric (18 September 2016). "Elon Musk scales up his ambitions, considering going "well beyond" Mars". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  89. ^ Belluscio, Alejandro G. (3 October 2016). "ITS Propulsion – The evolution of the SpaceX Raptor engine". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  90. ^ (26 January 2016) "2016 StartmeupHK Venture Forum – Elon Musk on Entrepreneurship and Innovation" in StartmeupHK Venture Forum--2016., Invest Hong Kong. "(SpaceX discussion at 30:15-31:40) We'll have the next generation rocket and spacecraft, beyond the Falcon and Dragon series ... I'm hoping to describe that architecture later this year at the International Astronautical Congress. which is the big international space event every year. ... first flights to Mars? we're hoping to do that in around 2025 ... nine years from now or thereabouts." 
  91. ^ أ ب Bergin, Chris (27 September 2016). "SpaceX reveals ITS Mars game changer via colonization plan". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  92. ^ أ ب Wall, Mike (27 September 2016). "SpaceX's Elon Musk Unveils Interplanetary Spaceship to Colonize Mars". Space.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  93. ^ أ ب SpaceX (29 September 2017). Making Life Multiplanetary. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021 – via YouTube.
  94. ^ Heath, Chris (12 December 2015). "How Elon Musk Plans on Reinventing the World (and Mars)". GQ. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  95. ^ أ ب Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary". New Space. 6 (1): 2–11. Bibcode:2018NewSp...6....2M. doi:10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu.
  96. ^ Foust, Jeff (29 September 2017). "Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  97. ^ Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017). "Musk offers more technical details on BFR system". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019. [Musk] added that, since the presentation last month, SpaceX has revised the design of the BFR spaceship to add a "medium area ratio" Raptor engine to its original complement of two engines with sea-level nozzles and four with vacuum nozzles. That additional engine helps enable that engine-out capability ... and will "allow landings with higher payload mass for the Earth to Earth transport function."
  98. ^ Richardson, Derek (27 September 2016). "Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System". Spaceflight Insider. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  99. ^ أ ب Foust, Jeff (December 24, 2018). "Musk teases new details about redesigned next-generation launch system". SpaceNews (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  100. ^ Coldewey, Devin (2018-12-26). "SpaceX's Starship goes sci-fi shiny with stainless steel skin". TechCrunch (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  101. ^ أ ب Chang, Kenneth (29 September 2019). "SpaceX Unveils Silvery Vision to Mars: 'It's an I.C.B.M. That Lands'". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  102. ^ Cotton, Ethan (2020-08-02). "Starship SN-5 | 150 meter hop". Everyday Astronaut (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  103. ^ D'Agostino, Ryan (22 January 2019). "Elon Musk: Why I'm Building the Starship out of Stainless Steel". popularmechanics.com (in الإنجليزية). Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  104. ^ "Will Starship Fail Like The Space Shuttle?". primalnebula.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2023-02-16. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  105. ^ Mohan, Aditya Krishnan (2021-09-05). "The truth about the new SpaceX 'Mini-Bakery'". Medium (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  106. ^ Spacexcmsadmin (September 27, 2019). "Starship". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  107. ^ "Starship Users Guide, Revision 1.0, March 2020" (PDF). SpaceX. March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020. SpaceX's Starship system represents a fully reusable transportation system designed to service Earth orbit needs as well as missions to the Moon and Mars. This two-stage vehicle – composed of the Super Heavy rocket (booster) and Starship (spacecraft)
  108. ^ Berger, Eric (5 March 2020). "Inside Elon Musk's plan to build one Starship a week and settle Mars". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020. Musk tackles the hardest engineering problems first. For Mars, there will be so many logistical things to make it all work, from power on the surface to scratching out a living to adapting to its extreme climate. But Musk believes that the initial, hardest step is building a reusable, orbital Starship to get people and tons of stuff to Mars. So he is focused on that.
  109. ^ Berger, Eric (29 September 2019). "Elon Musk, Man of Steel, reveals his stainless Starship". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  110. ^ Harwood, William (27 August 2019). "SpaceX launches "Starhopper" on dramatic test flight" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). CBS News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  111. ^ Mack, Eric (4 August 2020). "SpaceX Starship prototype takes big step toward Mars with first tiny 'hop'" (in الإنجليزية). CNET. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  112. ^ Sheetz, Michael (3 September 2020). "SpaceX launches and lands another Starship prototype, the second flight test in under a month" (in الإنجليزية). CNBC. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  113. ^ Wattles, Jackie (December 10, 2020). "Space X's Mars prototype rocket exploded yesterday. Here's what happened on the flight". CNN. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  114. ^ Mack, Eric (2 February 2021). "SpaceX Starship SN9 flies high, explodes on landing just like SN8" (in الإنجليزية). CNET. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  115. ^ "SN10". SpaceX (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  116. ^ Chang, Kenneth (3 March 2021). "SpaceX Mars Rocket Prototype Explodes, but This Time It Lands First". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  117. ^ أ ب Mack, Eric (30 March 2021). "SpaceX Starship SN11 test flight flies high and explodes in the fog" (in الإنجليزية). CNET. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  118. ^ Foust, Jeff (6 April 2021). "Engine explosion blamed for latest Starship crash". SpaceNews (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  119. ^ Mack, Eric (7 May 2021). "SpaceX's Mars prototype rocket, Starship SN15, might fly again soon" (in الإنجليزية). CNET. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  120. ^ Timmer, John (May 5, 2021). "SpaceX successfully lands a Starship test flight". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
  121. ^ Kshatriya, Amit; Kirasich, Mark (31 October 2022). "Artemis I – IV Mission Overview / Status" (PDF). NASA. Human Exploration and Operations Committee of the NASA Advisory Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  122. ^ Iemole, Anthony (7 December 2022). "Boosters 7 and 9 in dual flow toward Starbase test milestones". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  123. ^ SpaceX Booster 7 Experiences Explosion (in الإنجليزية). NASASpaceflight. July 11, 2022. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022 – via YouTube..
  124. ^ Wall, Mike (17 April 2023). "SpaceX scrubs 1st space launch of giant Starship rocket due to fueling issue". Space.com (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  125. ^ Harwood, William. "Super Heavy-Starship climbs high but falls short on second test flight – Spaceflight Now" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  126. ^ "SpaceX – Launches". 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  127. ^ McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (19 November 2023). "Thanks to NOAA's Kenneth Howard for pointing me to this NOAA weather radar data showing a debris cloud exactly over my estimated Starship reentry point!" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  128. ^ "SpaceX reveals anticipated date for third Starship flight". Digital Trends (in الإنجليزية). 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  129. ^ Weber, Ryan (14 December 2023). "SpaceX Pushes Ahead to Flight 3 with the Rollout of Ship 28". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  130. ^ Wall, Mike (7 March 2024). "SpaceX to push the envelope on 3rd Starship test flight". Space.com (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  131. ^ Tingley, Brett (6 March 2024). "SpaceX eyes March 14 for 3rd Starship test flight". Space.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  132. ^ "Starship's Third Flight Test". SpaceX. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  133. ^ Berger, Eric (6 March 2024). "The next Starship mission has a tentative launch date: March 14". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  134. ^ Clark, Stephen (14 March 2024). "SpaceX celebrates major progress on the third flight of Starship". Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  135. ^ "Live updates: SpaceX to launch its Starship megarocket on a test flight to orbit" (in الإنجليزية). NBC News. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  136. ^ Davenport, Justin (19 April 2024). "As IFT-4 prepares for launch, Starship's future is coming into focus". NASASpaceflight. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  137. ^ SpaceX [@SpaceX] (6 June 2024). "Splashdown confirmed! Congratulations to the entire SpaceX team on an exciting fourth flight test of Starship!" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 June 2024 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  138. ^ أ ب SpaceX Launches Starship for the Sixth Time. Starship Stakeout. NASASpaceflight. 2024-11-19. Retrieved 2024-11-19 – via YouTube.
  139. ^ Berger, Eric (2024-11-22). "Rocket Report: Next Vulcan launch slips into 2025; Starship gets a green light". Ars Technica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2024-11-22.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=سپيس‌إكس_ستارشيپ_(المركبة_الفضائية)&oldid=4097984"