سولاوسي الوسطى

Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah
Province
Province of Central Sulawesi
From above, left to right: Central Sulawesi traditional house, Wani Al Amin Donggala Mosque , Masalo Dance in Lore Poso , Mombau Hude Luwuk Dance , Donggala Pusentasi , Lake Poso Tentena .
Flag Coat of arms
الشعار:  Nosarara Nosabatutu (Kaili) United we are one
Central Sulawesi in    Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
الإحداثيات: 1°00′S 121°00′E
Founded	13 April 1964
Capital and largest city	Palu
الحكومة
• الكيان	Central Sulawesi Provincial Government
• Governor	Rusdy Mastura
• Vice Governor	id (Ma'mun Amir)
المساحة
• الإجمالي	61٬841٫29 كم² (23٬877٫06 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب (Buyu Kondorung)	2٬887 m (9٬472 ft)
التعداد  (mid 2021 estimate)
• الإجمالي	3٬021٬879
• الكثافة	49/km2 (130/sq mi)
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	22% Kaili 16% Buginese 8.4% Javanese 6.7% Pamona 6.5% Banggai 5.3% Saluan 4.4% Balinese 4.2% Buol 4.0% Gorontaloan 22.5% other
• Religion	78.90% Islam 16.31% Protestantism 3.64% Hinduism 0.90% Catholicism 0.14% Buddhism 0.11% Confusianism
• Languages	Indonesian (official) Balantak, Banggai, Buginese, Kaili, Mori, Pamona.
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+08 (Indonesia Central Time)
ISO 3166 code	ID-ST
HDI	▲ 0.695 (Medium)
HDI rank	26th in Indonesia (2019)
الموقع الإلكتروني	sultengprov.go.id

سولاوسي وسطى (Indonesian: Sulawesi Tengah) هي إحدى مقاطعات إندونسيا تقع في وسط جزيرة سولاوِسي. The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 3,021,879. Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,841.29 km² (23,877 sq mi), the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province is Indonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while there are several indigenous language spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi. Islam is the dominant religion in the province, followed by Christianity which is mostly adhered to by the people in the eastern part of the province.

In the 13th century, several kingdoms had been established in Central Sulawesi such as the Kingdom of Banawa, the Kingdom of Tawaeli, the Kingdom of Sigi, the Kingdom of Bangga, and the Kingdom of Banggai. The influence of Islam on the kingdoms in Central Sulawesi began to be felt in the 16th century. The spread of Islam in Central Sulawesi was a result of the expansion of kingdoms in South Sulawesi. The influence that first came was from the Kingdom of Bone and the Kingdom of Wajo. Dutch traders began arriving in the beginning of the 17th century. The Dutch built several fortifications in present-day Parigi to combat piracy in the region after annexing the region as part of the Dutch East Indies. The province remained part of the Indies for the next three centuries until the Dutch were ousted by the Japanese during World War II. After the Japanese surrendered, the area was incorporated into the new Republic of Indonesia. Initially, the area was part of North Sulawesi before being formed as a separate province on 13 April 1964.

According to UNICEF, Central Sulawesi is a province with a significant number of young people. As many as 1 million people or 35 percent of the total population in this province are children. More than three out of four children live in rural areas. More than 185,000 children (18.2 percent) live below the provincial poverty line in 2015 (Rp. 11,127 per person per day). However, more households are in a vulnerable position and live with income that is slightly above the poverty line. In addition, three-quarters of children experience deprivation in two dimensions non-income poverty or more, with that inequality striking between urban and rural areas.

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 التاريخ

 فترة ما قبل الاستعمار

Megalithic stone in Central Sulawesi

There are over 400 granite megaliths in the area of the Lore Lindu National Park, of which around 30 represent human forms. They vary in size from a few centimetres to approximately 4.5 metres (15 ft). The original purpose of the megaliths is unknown. Other megaliths in the area are large stone pots (Kalamba) accompanied by stone lids (Tutu'na). Various archaeological studies have dated the carvings from between 3000 BC to 1300 AD.

 الاستعمار الهولندي

The zelfbestuur region in Central Sulawesi, 1941.

 الفترة المعاصرة

Japanese forces landed in Luwuk on 15 May 1942. The Japanese succeeded in expelling the Dutch and taking control of Central Sulawesi in just a short time. During the Japanese occupation, people's lives were increasingly depressed and the misery of all people's activities was only intended to support Japanese warfare. This situation lasted until Japan surrendered to the Allies and was followed by the proclamation of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. At the beginning of independence, Central Sulawesi was part of the Sulawesi province. The Dutch attempted to return to the region, resulting in a bloody war between the Dutch and the Indonesian. After the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, the Dutch recognize Indonesia and withdrew from the region.

The present Central Sulawesi was initially part of North Sulawesi with the capital in Manado, but was separated on 13 April 1964.

Dutch missionary in Poso, Central Sulawesi. Poso and the surrounding area has a significant Christian population

 البيئة

 الجغرافيا

The northern part of Central Sulawesi borders the Sulawesi Sea and Gorontalo, the eastern part is bordered by Maluku, the southern part is bordered by West Sulawesi and South Sulawesi, the southeastern part is bordered by Southeast Sulawesi, and the western part is bordered by the Makassar Strait.

The equator that crosses the northern peninsula in Central Sulawesi makes the climate of this region tropical. However, it is different from Java and Bali and parts of Sumatra, the rainy season in Central Sulawesi between April and September while the dry season between October and March. The average rainfall ranges from 800 to 3,000 millimeters per year which includes the lowest rainfall in Indonesia.

Temperatures range from 25 to 31 ° Celsius for terrain and beaches with a humidity level of 71 to 76%. In mountainous regions temperatures can reach 16 to 22 'Celsius.

Central Sulawesi also has several rivers, including the Lariang River as a rafting arena, Gumbasa river and Palu river. There is also a lake that is a tourist attraction namely Lake Poso and Lake Lindu. Central Sulawesi has several conservation areas such as nature reserves, wildlife reserves and protected forests that have unique flora and fauna which are also objects of research for scientists and naturalists.

Hyorhinomys stuempkei is a species of rodent that can be found in Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi

 المراجع

 ببليوگرافيا

• Coté, Joost (1996). "Colonising Central Sulawesi. The 'Ethical Policy' and Imperialist Expansion 1890–1910". Itinerario. 20 (3): 87–107. doi:10.1017/S0165115300003983.
• Druce, Stephen C. (2009). The Lands West of the Lakes: A History of the Ajattappareng Kingdoms of South Sulawesi, 1200 to 1600 CE. Brill. ISBN 978-9004253827.
• Henley, David (2005). Fertility, food and fever : population, economy and environment in North and Central Sulawesi, 1600-1930. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 978-9-0671-8209-6.