سفينة معاونة

German Navy Berlin، طراز replenishment ship

An auxiliary ship is a naval ship designed to support combatant ships and other naval operations.^[1] Auxiliary ships are not primary combatant vessels, though they may have some limited combat capacity, usually for purposes of self-defense.^[2] ^[3]

Auxiliary ships are extremely important for navies of all sizes because if they were not present the primary fleet vessels would be unsupported. Thus, virtually every navy maintains an extensive fleet of auxiliary ships, however, the composition and size of these auxiliary fleets vary depending on the nature of each navy and its primary mission. Smaller coastal navies tend to have smaller auxiliary vessels focusing primarily on littoral and training support roles, while larger blue-water navies tend to have larger auxiliary fleets comprising longer-range fleet support vessels designed to provide support far beyond territorial waters.^[4]

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Roles

Royal Canadian Navy auxiliary oiler قالب:HMCS during New York fleet week, 2009

Australian oiler إتش‌إم‌إيه‌إس Sirius refueling يوإس‌إس Essex, June 2007

American cargo ship USNS Furman, 1981

American repair ship يوإس‌إس Vulcan, June 1992

German tugboat Wangerooge, 2005

Australian survey ship إتش‌إم‌إيه‌إس Leeuwin, December 2013

US Navy barracks ship APL-61 in 2003

Replenishment

One of the most direct ways that auxiliary ships support the fleet is by providing underway replenishment (also known as "replenishment at sea") to major fleet units. This allows the fleet to remain in the same location, with the replenishment vessels bringing up fuel, ammunition, food, and supplies from shore to the fleet wherever it is operating.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Oilers ("replenishment tankers") are vessels specifically designed to bring fuel oil to the fleet, while the earlier Colliers supplied coal-burning steamships. Specific role replenishment vessels include combat stores ships, depot ships, general stores issue ships, and ammunition ships.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Tenders are specifically designed to support a type of smaller naval unit, like submarines, destroyers, and seaplanes, providing a mobile base of operations for these units: specifically destroyer tenders, submarine tenders, seaplane tenders, torpedo boat tenders.^[5]^[6]

Transport

Supporting front-line operating bases requires immense transportation capacity. Transport ships are often converted merchant ships simply commissioned (APA, APD, APH, APV)^[jargon] into naval service. Tankers are transports specifically designed to ship fuel to forward locations. Transport ships are often employed not only carrying cargo for naval support but are in support of all forces of a nation's military (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS). In particular, troopships and attack transports are used to carry a large number of soldiers to operational theatres. Some transport ships are highly specialized, like the ammunition ships employed by the US Navy.^[7] Large ocean tugs (AT, ATO, ATF, ATA, ATR)^[jargon] are used to tow large auxiliary ships, like barges, floating repair docks, and floating cranes in the open sea, also disabled ships.^[18]

Repair

Repairing ships at sea or in conflict areas is important as it allows these vessels to return to service more quickly, while also increasing the chance of survival for ships critically damaged in battle. Repair vessels (US Navy: AR, ARB, ARC, ARG, ARH, ARL, ARV)^[jargon] range from small equipment ships known as Auxiliary repair docks, to the larger Auxiliary floating drydocks, there are also Aircraft repair ships that specialize in repair of naval aircraft.^[19]

Harbor

Harbor support is a critical support role, with various types of vessels including tugboats, barges, lighter barges, derrick-crane vessels, and others used to move ships and equipment around the port facilities, and depot ships and tends to service ships currently in the harbor. These vessels also help maintain the harbor by dredging channels, maintaining jetties and buoys, and even providing floating platforms for port defenses.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

In US Navy, tugboats are type YT, YTB, YTM, YTL or a Type V ship.^[20] and barges are classified as a Type B ship or YF, YFN, YFR, or YFRN.^[21]

Support

Radar picket to increase the radar detection range around a force. Communications Relay Ships (AGMR) are floating communications stations. Tracking ships or Range Instrumentation Ships (AGM) are equipped with antennas and electronics to support the launching and tracking of missiles and rockets. Command ship (AGF) are flagships of the commander of a fleet. Wind-class icebreaker (AGB WAGB) are support ships. Rescue and salvage ship and Submarine rescue ship (ASR) for surface support ship for ship and submarine rescue. Barracks ships or Auxiliary Personal Living ships, (APL) are vessels-barges for service men to live on.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Research

A wide variety of vessels are employed as Technical Research Ships(AGTR), Tracking Ships(AGM), Environmental Research Ships (AGER), Hydrofoil Research Ships (AGEH), and Survey Vessels, primarily to provide a navy with a better understanding of its operating environment or to assist in testing new technologies for employment in other vessels.^[22]

Hospital

Hospital ships are able to provide medical care in remote locations to personnel.^[23]

Unclassified auxiliary ship

The US Navy also used an unclassified miscellaneous auxiliary ship classification in which the unclassified miscellaneous auxiliary ship classification is IX. An unclassified miscellaneous auxiliary ship can be a new ship without a classified role or a ship that does not fit into a standard category or a ship that had been removed from its classification.^[24]^[25]^[26]

References

Notes

^ Cutler and Cutler, p.16
^ Morris, p.192
^ Ship Abbreviations and Symbolsnavy.mil
^ Navy Ships: Turning Over Auxiliary Ship Operations to the Military Sealift Command Could Save Millionsdtic.mil
^ "Submarine Tenders (AS)". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Other Auxiliaries(AGB, AGC, AGDS, AGEH, AGER, AGF, AGM, AGMR, AGP, AGR, AGTR)". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship makes last Plymouth call". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
^ "Ocean Tugs (AT, ATO, ATF, ATA, ATR)". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Oilers AO". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Combat Logistics Resupply Ships AC AE AF AFS AKE AOE AOR". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Cargo Ships AK AKA AKN AKS". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Gasoline Tankers AOG". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Destroyer Tenders AD". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Aviation Support Ships AV AVP AVS". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Miscellaneous Auxiliaries AG". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Troop Transports (AP)". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Attack and Other Transports (APA, APD, APH, APV)". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ ^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]
^ "Floating Dry-Docks (AFDB, AFDM, AFDL, ARD, ARDM, YFD)". shipbuildinghistory.com. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
^ "Yard Tugs Wartime YT YTB YTM YTL". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Freight Lighters Wartime YF YFN YFND YFR YFRN YFRT". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ "Other Auxiliaries AGB, AGC, AGDS, AGF, AGM, AGMR, AGP, AGR". shipbuildinghistory.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
^ Custodio, Jonathan. "U.S. transport ship and field hospitals heading to Haiti for quake relief". POLITICO (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-09-18.
^ Overview — UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS (IX) Unitsmilitaryperiscope.com
^ Unclassified auxiliary ships navsource.org
^ Unclassified (IX): Special Typesshipscribe.com

Bibliography

Cutler, Deborah W.; Cutler, Thomas J. (2005). Dictionary of Naval Terms (6 ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591141501.
Morris, Christopher G. (1992). Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology (1 ed.). Academic Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0127356327. role of auxiliary vessels.