زجاج الغوريلا

(تم التحويل من زجاج غوريلا)
Nokia N8 with Gorilla Glass screen
شريحة من زجاج الغوريلا.

زجاج الغوريلا Gorilla Glass، هي علامة تجارية مسجلة لشريحة زجاج من ألومينوسيليكات-قلوية صنعهتها شركة كورنينگ الأمريكية للزجاج. صُمم زجاج الغوريلا لرقته، خفة وزنه، ومقاومته للكسر، ويستخدم بصفة رئيسية كزجاج تغطية للأجهزة الإلكترونية المحمولة ومنها الهواتف المحمولة، مشغلات الموسيقى المحمولة، الحواسب المحمولة وبعض شاشات التلفزيون.[1]

حسب المُصنع فالخصائص الأساسية لهذا الزجاج هي المتانة (زجاج رقيق بدون هشاشة)، مقاومته العالية للخدش (طبقة حماية)، وصلابته (باختبار ڤيكرز للصلابة حصل على 622 من 701 درجة)[2] — وأنه قابل لإعادة التدوير.[3]

في 2010 كان زجاج الغوريلا يستخدم في حوالي 20% من الأجهزة المحولة في العالم، أي حوالي 200 مليون جهاز.[4] الجيل الثاني منه يسمى "زجاج الغوريلا 2"، طُرح في 2012. في 24 أكتوبر 2012، أعلنت كورنينگ عن استخدام هذا الزجاج في أكثر من مليون جهاز محمول.[5]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

خلفية وتطوير

حاسب لوحي، شاشته مصنوعة من زجاج الغوريلا.

أجرت شركة كورننگ تجربة تصنيع الزجاج المقوى كيميائياً عام 1960، كجزء من مبادرة تسمى "مشروع القوة". بعدها بسنوات قليلة قامت بتطوير "الزجاج المقوى"[6] وأطلقت علي اسم زجاج "تشمكور". ظل المنتج يستخدم حتى أوائل التسعينيات في مختلف التطبيقات التجارية والصناعية، ومنها السيارات، الطيران والصناعات الدوائية،[6] عام 1968، استخدم الزجاج بطريقة متخصصة في 100 سيارة سباق من إنتاج دودج دارت وپليموث باراسودا، التي كانت تتطلب تقليل وزن السيارة.[7]

في 2006، بينما كانت أپل تطور أول هواتفها الذكية، اكتشفت أن المفاتيح التي توضع في الجيب يمكنها خدش السطح البلاستيكي الصلب لتلك الهواتف، واعتقدت أن الزجاج المقاوم للخدش قد يكون حلاً لهذه المشكلة.[8][9] اتصل ستڤ جوبس من أپل بشركة بوندل ويكس، الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة كورنينگ، وأخبره عن المادة التي قامت الشركة بتطويرها في الستينيات وأوقفت العمل عليها في وقت لاحق. بالرغم من قلق ويكس حول ما إذا كانت الشركة تستطيع انتاج الكميات الكافية من المنتج، فقد أقنع جوبس ويكس بإنتاج الزجاج، وأصبح مصنع كورنينگ في هارودسبورگ، كنتكي، يقوم بتوريد الشاشات الجديدة في يونيو 2007.[7] استمرت كورنينگ في تطوير هذه المادة لاستخدامها في صناعة الهواتف الذكية والأجهزة الإلكترونية الإستهلاكية الأخرى لعدد من الشركات.[3][10][11]

في أوائل 2012، أُعلن عن زجاج غوريلا 2، زجاج أقل سمكاً ب20% من المادة الأصلية وإحتفاظه بنفس القوة والقدرة على مقاومة الخدش،[12][13] وإرتفاع حساسيته للمس.[14]

في أوائل 2012، أعلنت كورننگ عن زجاج غوريلا 3، الذي حسب ما تقوله الشركة، أكثر قوة بثلاث أضعاف وأكثر قدرة على المقاومة من زجاج غوريلا 2 — وأقل 40% في ظهور الخدوش التي يمكن رؤيتها بالعين.[15]

Corning markets the material's primary properties as its high scratch-resistance (protective coating) and its hardness (with a Vickers hardness test rating of 622 to 701),[16] which allows the glass to be thin without being fragile. The glass can be recycled.[3]

In December 2015, Ford announced that it would use the material for a windshield and rear window on its Ford GT sports car beginning in 2016;[17] it later spread to mainstream models such as the Ford F-150 and Jeep Wrangler.[18]


التصنيع

أثناء تصنيعه، the glass is toughened by ion exchange. The material is immersed in a molten alkaline potassium salt at a temperature of approximately 400 °C (750 °F),[19] wherein smaller sodium ions in the glass are replaced by larger potassium ions from the salt bath. The larger ions occupy more volume and thereby create a surface layer of high residual compressive stress, giving the glass surface increased strength, the ability to contain flaws,[20] and overall crack-resistance,[21] making it resistant to damage from everyday use.[19]

الأجيال

النسخة أُعلِنت في
1 February 2008[22]
2 January 2012[23]
3 January 2013[24]
4 November 2014[25]
5 July 2016[26]
SR+[أ] August 2016[27]
6 July 2018[28]
DX/DX+[أ] July 2018[29]
Victus July 2020[30]
Victus 2 November 2022[31]

The first generation of Gorilla Glass was introduced in February 2008.[22] By 2010, the glass had been used in approximately 20% of mobile handsets worldwide, about 200 million units.[4]

The second generation, called "Gorilla Glass 2", was introduced in January 2012.[23] It is 20% thinner than the original Gorilla Glass.[32] In October 2012, Corning announced that over one billion mobile devices used Gorilla Glass.[33]

Gorilla Glass 3 was introduced at CES 2013 on January 7.[24] According to Corning, the material is up to three times more scratch-resistant than the previous version, with enhanced ability to resist deep scratches that typically weaken glass.[34][35] Promotional material for Gorilla Glass 3 claims that it is 40% more scratch-resistant in addition to being more flexible.[36] The design of Gorilla Glass 3 was Corning's first use of atomic-scale modeling before the material was melted in laboratories, with the prediction of the optimal composition obtained through the application of rigidity theory.[37] The first phone to use Gorilla Glass 3 was the Samsung Galaxy S4.[38]

When Gorilla Glass 3 was announced, Corning indicated that areas for future improvements included reducing reflectivity and susceptibility to fingerprint smudges, changing surface treatments, and the way the glass is finished.[32] Antimicrobial Gorilla Glass, with antibacterial ionic silver incorporated into its surface, was introduced and demonstrated at CES in January 2014.[39]

Gorilla Glass 4 was introduced in November 2014.[25] It has better damage resistance and capability to be made thinner with the same performance as its predecessor.[40] It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Alpha in 2014.[41]

Gorilla Glass 5 was introduced in July 2016.[26] It offers better resistance to cracking from drops and was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 7.[42]

Gorilla Glass SR+ was introduced in August 2016.[27] It was designed for wearable mobile devices, focusing on toughness, scratch resistance and optical clarity.[43] It was first used on the Samsung Gear S3 smartwatch.[44]

Gorilla Glass 6 was introduced in July 2018.[28] It has the scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass 5, but is designed to withstand multiple drops from even greater heights. It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy S10.[45]

Gorilla Glass DX and DX+ were introduced in July 2018, following the launch of Gorilla Glass 6.[29] An extension of Gorilla Glass SR+, Gorilla Glass DX features enhanced antireflective optics with the same scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass, while Gorilla Glass DX+ provides enhanced antireflective optics with superior scratch resistance. While primarily intended for wearable mobile devices, developments were underway to adapt these new glass composites to larger form-factor devices.[29] Gorilla Glass DX+ was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Watch.[46]

Gorilla Glass Victus was introduced in July 2020.[30] It improves both drop and scratch performance and is claimed by Corning to be twice as scratch resistant as its predecessor.[30] It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra.[47]

In July 2021, Corning announced that they will bring its Gorilla Glass DX and DX+ glass composites to cover smartphone camera lenses and said that Samsung would be the first customer to adopt them.[48] The first Samsung phones to use Gorilla Glass DX protection for the cameras were the Galaxy Z Fold 3 and the Galaxy Z Flip 3 in 2021.[49]

Gorilla Glass Victus 2 was introduced in November 2022.[31] The second-generation Victus has a new composition for improved drop performance on rough surfaces like concrete. In terms of scratch resistance, it is said to be similar to its predecessor.[50] However, according to user reports, the glass is easily scratched, and it has been suggested that this could be due to the use of softer materials for improved resistance to shattering.[51][52] Gorilla Glass Victus 2 was first used on the Samsung Galaxy S23 series in 2023.[53]

منتجات ذات صلة

On October 26, 2011, Corning announced the commercial launch of Lotus Glass, designed for OLED and next-generation LC displays.[54] The intrinsic thermal consistency of Lotus Glass allows it to retain its shape and quality during high-temperature processing. Decreased compaction and variation during the crystallization and activation step further reduce stress and distortions to the substrate. This enables tighter design rules in advanced backplanes for higher resolution and faster response time.[55] According to Corning, Gorilla Glass is specifically a cover glass for the exterior of display devices while Lotus Glass is designed as a glass substrate to be used within liquid crystal display panels. In other words, a single product could incorporate both Gorilla Glass and Lotus Glass.[56] On February 2, 2012, Corning Incorporated and Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. signed an agreement to establish a new equity venture for the manufacture of specialty glass substrates for the OLED device market in Korea. The joint venture is based on Lotus Glass.[57] Lotus XT Glass became available in 2013.[58]

In 2012, Corning introduced Willow Glass,[59] a flexible glass based on borosilicate glass,[60] launched for use as a display substrate.

Ceramic Shield, a ceramic-hardened front glass, was co-developed with Apple and is used on all iPhones from iPhone 12 onwards (except iPhone SE (3rd generation)).[61]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب For wearable mobile devices.

المصادر

  1. ^ Corning:Gorilla Glass FAQs
  2. ^ "Corning Gorilla Glass" (PDF). Corning Gorilla Glass Technical Materials. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  3. ^ أ ب ت "FAQs". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Retrieved 2001-10-08.
  4. ^ أ ب Ulanoff, Lance (January 12, 2011). "Why Is Gorilla Glass So Strong?". PC Magazine. Retrieved February 17, 2012. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "PC Mag" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  5. ^ Corning Announces Third-Quarter Results
  6. ^ أ ب "Gorilla Glass, the Smartphone's Unsung Hero". The New York Times, David Pogue, December 9, 2010.
  7. ^ أ ب Isaacson, Walter (2011). "36 – The iPhone: Three Revolutionary Products in One". Steve Jobs. Simon & Schuster. pp. 471–72. ISBN 978‐1‐4516‐4853‐9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  8. ^ Duhigg, Charles; Bradsher, Keith (21 January 2012). "Apple, America and a Squeezed Middle Class". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  9. ^ Lashinsky, Adam (27 December 2011). "Insights on the writing of Steve Jobs". CNN. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  10. ^ Nusca, Andrew (December 22, 2009). "The science behind stronger display glass on your phone, computer". SmartPlanet. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  11. ^ "Full Products List". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  12. ^ "Corning Unveils New Gorilla® Glass 2 - With new glass composition, tough gets better – with device performance benefits for sophisticated user experiences". Corning Incorporated. 2012-01-09.
  13. ^ Bradley, Tony (January 10, 2012). "Gorilla Glass 2.0: Stronger, Thinner, Lighter". PCWorld. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  14. ^ Kaiser, Tiffany (January 10, 2012). "CES 2012: Corning Announces Thinner Gorilla Glass 2". DailyTech. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  15. ^ "Corning's third-gen Gorilla Glass could be bound for next iPhone, iPad". AppleInsider.com. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Gorilla Glass" (PDF). Technical Materials. Corning. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  17. ^ "Gorilla Glass, used for cell phones, is coming to cars - Houston Chronicle". Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  18. ^ Atiyeh, Clifford (25 September 2019). "Gorilla Glass Windshields Are Impressive, but Are They Worth the Money?". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  19. ^ أ ب "How It's Made: Ion-exchange process". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  20. ^ "What Stresses Gorilla Glass Makes It Stronger". Inside Science, Sophie Bushwick, February 4, 2015. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.
  21. ^ Walton, Donnell; Amin, Jaymin; Shashdhar, Naga (12 July 2010), Electronic Design – Specialty Glass: a new design element in consumer electronics, Corning, http://www.corninggorillaglass.com/uploads/kcfinder/files/3851E_ED_CORNING_ePrint.pdf .
  22. ^ أ ب "Corning Extends Fusion Process to Tackle Touch-Screen Applications" (Press release). 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008.
  23. ^ أ ب "Corning Unveils New Gorilla® Glass 2" (Press release). 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
  24. ^ أ ب "Corning Launches New Gorilla® Glass 3 with Native Damage Resistance™" (Press release). Corning. 2013-01-07. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  25. ^ أ ب "Corning Redefines the Standard in Damage Resistance With Gorilla® Glass 4" (Press release). Corning. 2014-11-20. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  26. ^ أ ب "Corning Unveils Corning® Gorilla® Glass 5" (Press release). Corning. 2016-07-20. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  27. ^ أ ب "Corning introduces Gorilla Glass SR+ for wearables" (Press release). Corning. 2016-08-31. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  28. ^ أ ب "Corning Introduces Corning Gorilla Glass 6, Delivering Improved Durability for Next-Generation Mobile Devices" (Press release). Corning. 18 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  29. ^ أ ب ت "Corning Announces Corning® Gorilla® Glass DX and Corning® Gorilla® Glass DX+" (Press release). Corning. 18 July 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  30. ^ أ ب ت "Corning Introduces Corning Gorilla Glass Victus, The Toughest Gorilla Glass Yet For Mobile Consumer Electronics" (Press release). Corning. 23 July 2020. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  31. ^ أ ب "Corning Redefines Tough with Corning® Gorilla® Glass Victus® 2" (Press release). Corning. 2022-11-30. Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  32. ^ أ ب "Corning, After Thinning Out Gorilla Glass, Makes New Generation Tougher". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  33. ^ News release, Corning, Oct 24, 2012, http://www.corning.com/news_center/news_releases/2012/2012102401.aspx .
  34. ^ "Gorilla Glass". Corning. Archived from the original on 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  35. ^ Dante D'Orazio (3 January 2013). "Corning Gorilla Glass 3 to be three times more scratch resistant than previous generation". The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
  36. ^ Lidsky, David (2013-02-11). "Corning". Most innovative companies. Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  37. ^ Wray, Peter (7 January 2013). "Gorilla Glass 3 explained (and it is a modeling first for Corning!)". Ceramic Tech Today. The American Ceramic Society. Archived from the original on 2014-01-26.
  38. ^ Skipworth, Hunter (2013-04-22). "Samsung Galaxy S4's Gorilla Glass 3 screen is nearly invincible". Pocket-lint (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Archived from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  39. ^ "Corning Unveils World's First Antimicrobial Cover". Archived from the original on 2014-12-15.
  40. ^ "Mobile Phones, Smartphones, Slates, Tablets, Notebooks, Wearables and other devices with Gorilla Glass – Corning Gorilla Glass" (PDF). www.corninggorillaglass.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-31.
  41. ^ Lee, Tyler (2014-12-10). "Samsung Galaxy Alpha Was The First Phone To Use Corning's Gorilla Glass 4". Ubergizmo (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  42. ^ "The Galaxy Note 7 is the first phone with Gorilla Glass 5". androidcentral.com. 2016-08-02. Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  43. ^ "Corning introduces Gorilla Glass SR+ for wearables". Android Authority. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
  44. ^ "Samsung Gear S3 watches get bigger screens and batteries". BBC. 2016-08-31. Archived from the original on 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  45. ^ "Samsung Galaxy Note10 | Samsung | Corning Gorilla Glass". www.corning.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Samsung. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  46. ^ "Corning Gorilla Glass DX+ Chosen for Samsung Galaxy Watch" (Press release). Corning. August 9, 2018. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  47. ^ "Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra | Samsung | Corning Gorilla Glass". Corning (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  48. ^ "Corning Expands Corning® Gorilla® Glass Composite Products to Optimize Performance of Mobile Device Cameras" (Press release). Corning. 2021-07-22. Archived from the original on 2022-12-18. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  49. ^ Matei, Mihai (2022-01-05). "Galaxy S22 Ultra has Gorilla Glass camera protection, says new leak". SamMobile (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  50. ^ "Corning unveils Gorilla Glass Victus 2 with improved drop protection". Business Standard. 1 December 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  51. ^ Sohail, Omar (2023-02-15). "Galaxy S23 Ultra's Gorilla Glass Victus 2 Is Not Scratch-Resistant; Owner Claims Flagship Received 'Micro-Abrasions' While Kept In the Pocket". Wccftech (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  52. ^ Shanto, Abid Ahsan (2023-02-15). "Galaxy S23 Ultra Is Not as Scratch-Resistant as It Claims!". Gizchina.com (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  53. ^ McNeal, Ryan (2023-01-26). "Galaxy S23 series to be the first phone to use Gorilla Glass Victus 2". Android Authority (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2023-03-04. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  54. ^ "Corning Unveils Corning Lotus Glass for High-Performance Displays – New composition enables OLED and next generation liquid crystal displays". Corning. Oct 25, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15.
  55. ^ "Corning Lotus Glass and Gorilla Glass 2". CA: Gizmo. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014.
  56. ^ "Corning Lotus Glass to compliment [[[كذا|ك‍]]] Gorilla Glass". Smart keitai. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  57. ^ "Corning and Samsung Mobile Display Form New OLED Glass Venture – New business expands Corning's long-standing collaboration with Samsung" (press release). Corning. 2012-02-02. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  58. ^ "Corning: Corning Lotus XT Glass, May 2013". corning.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-12.
  59. ^ McEntegart, Jane (4 June 2012). "Tom's Hardware, Gorilla Glass Maker Corning Debuts Flexible Willow Glass". Tom’s hardware. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  60. ^ "Willow Glass (2014 fact sheet)" (fact sheet). Corning. 2014.[dead link]
  61. ^ Vincent, James (2020-10-13). "Apple's new iPhone 12 line-up comes with a ceramic-hardened display". The Verge (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  62. ^ Schott Web site: Xensation

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=زجاج_الغوريلا&oldid=3628018"