زجاج الغوريلا

Nokia N8 with Gorilla Glass screen
شريحة من زجاج الغوريلا.

زجاج الغوريلا Gorilla Glass، هي علامة تجارية مسجلة لشريحة زجاج من ألومينوسيليكات-قلوية صنعهتها شركة كورنينگ الأمريكية للزجاج. صُمم زجاج الغوريلا لرقته، خفة وزنه، ومقاومته للكسر، ويستخدم بصفة رئيسية كزجاج تغطية للأجهزة الإلكترونية المحمولة ومنها الهواتف المحمولة، مشغلات الموسيقى المحمولة، الحواسب المحمولة وبعض شاشات التلفزيون.[1]

حسب المُصنع فالخصائص الأساسية لهذا الزجاج هي المتانة (زجاج رقيق بدون هشاشة)، مقاومته العالية للخدش (طبقة حماية)، وصلابته (باختبار ڤيكرز للصلابة حصل على 622 من 701 درجة)[2] — وأنه قابل لإعادة التدوير.[3]

في 2010 كان زجاج الغوريلا يستخدم في حوالي 20% من الأجهزة المحولة في العالم، أي حوالي 200 مليون جهاز.[4] الجيل الثاني منه يسمى "زجاج الغوريلا 2"، طُرح في 2012. في 24 أكتوبر 2012، أعلنت كورنينگ عن استخدام هذا الزجاج في أكثر من مليون جهاز محمول.[5]

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خلفية وتطوير

حاسب لوحي، شاشته مصنوعة من زجاج الغوريلا.

أجرت شركة كورننگ تجربة تصنيع الزجاج المقوى كيميائياً عام 1960، كجزء من مبادرة تسمى "مشروع القوة". بعدها بسنوات قليلة قامت بتطوير "الزجاج المقوى"[6] وأطلقت علي اسم زجاج "تشمكور". ظل المنتج يستخدم حتى أوائل التسعينيات في مختلف التطبيقات التجارية والصناعية، ومنها السيارات، الطيران والصناعات الدوائية،[6] عام 1968، استخدم الزجاج بطريقة متخصصة في 100 سيارة سباق من إنتاج دودج دارت وپليموث باراسودا، التي كانت تتطلب تقليل وزن السيارة.[7]

في 2006، بينما كانت أپل تطور أول هواتفها الذكية، اكتشفت أن المفاتيح التي توضع في الجيب يمكنها خدش السطح البلاستيكي الصلب لتلك الهواتف، واعتقدت أن الزجاج المقاوم للخدش قد يكون حلاً لهذه المشكلة.[8][9] اتصل ستڤ جوبس من أپل بشركة بوندل ويكس، الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة كورنينگ، وأخبره عن المادة التي قامت الشركة بتطويرها في الستينيات وأوقفت العمل عليها في وقت لاحق. بالرغم من قلق ويكس حول ما إذا كانت الشركة تستطيع انتاج الكميات الكافية من المنتج، فقد أقنع جوبس ويكس بإنتاج الزجاج، وأصبح مصنع كورنينگ في هارودسبورگ، كنتكي، يقوم بتوريد الشاشات الجديدة في يونيو 2007.[7] استمرت كورنينگ في تطوير هذه المادة لاستخدامها في صناعة الهواتف الذكية والأجهزة الإلكترونية الإستهلاكية الأخرى لعدد من الشركات.[3][10][11]

في أوائل 2012، أُعلن عن زجاج غوريلا 2، زجاج أقل سمكاً ب20% من المادة الأصلية وإحتفاظه بنفس القوة والقدرة على مقاومة الخدش،[12][13] وإرتفاع حساسيته للمس.[14]

في أوائل 2012، أعلنت كورننگ عن زجاج غوريلا 3، الذي حسب ما تقوله الشركة، أكثر قوة بثلاث أضعاف وأكثر قدرة على المقاومة من زجاج غوريلا 2 — وأقل 40% في ظهور الخدوش التي يمكن رؤيتها بالعين.[15]

Corning markets the material's primary properties as its high scratch-resistance (protective coating) and its hardness (with a Vickers hardness test rating of 622 to 701),[16] which allows the glass to be thin without being fragile. The glass can be recycled.[3]

In December 2015, Ford announced that it would use the material for a windshield and rear window on its Ford GT sports car beginning in 2016;[17] it later spread to mainstream models such as the Ford F-150 and Jeep Wrangler.[18]


التصنيع

أثناء تصنيعه، the glass is toughened by ion exchange. The material is immersed in a molten alkaline potassium salt at a temperature of approximately 400 °C (750 °F),[19] wherein smaller sodium ions in the glass are replaced by larger potassium ions from the salt bath. The larger ions occupy more volume and thereby create a surface layer of high residual compressive stress, giving the glass surface increased strength, the ability to contain flaws,[20] and overall crack-resistance,[21] making it resistant to damage from everyday use.[19]

الأجيال

النسخة أُعلِنت في
1 February 2008[22]
2 January 2012[23]
3 January 2013[24]
4 November 2014[25]
5 July 2016[26]
SR+[أ] August 2016[27]
6 July 2018[28]
DX/DX+[أ] July 2018[29]
Victus July 2020[30]
Victus 2 November 2022[31]

The first generation of Gorilla Glass was introduced in February 2008.[22] By 2010, the glass had been used in approximately 20% of mobile handsets worldwide, about 200 million units.[4]

The second generation, called "Gorilla Glass 2", was introduced in January 2012.[23] It is 20% thinner than the original Gorilla Glass.[32] In October 2012, Corning announced that over one billion mobile devices used Gorilla Glass.[33]

Gorilla Glass 3 was introduced at CES 2013 on January 7.[24] According to Corning, the material is up to three times more scratch-resistant than the previous version, with enhanced ability to resist deep scratches that typically weaken glass.[34][35] Promotional material for Gorilla Glass 3 claims that it is 40% more scratch-resistant in addition to being more flexible.[36] The design of Gorilla Glass 3 was Corning's first use of atomic-scale modeling before the material was melted in laboratories, with the prediction of the optimal composition obtained through the application of rigidity theory.[37] The first phone to use Gorilla Glass 3 was the Samsung Galaxy S4.[38]

When Gorilla Glass 3 was announced, Corning indicated that areas for future improvements included reducing reflectivity and susceptibility to fingerprint smudges, changing surface treatments, and the way the glass is finished.[32] Antimicrobial Gorilla Glass, with antibacterial ionic silver incorporated into its surface, was introduced and demonstrated at CES in January 2014.[39]

Gorilla Glass 4 was introduced in November 2014.[25] It has better damage resistance and capability to be made thinner with the same performance as its predecessor.[40] It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Alpha in 2014.[41]

Gorilla Glass 5 was introduced in July 2016.[26] It offers better resistance to cracking from drops and was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 7.[42]

Gorilla Glass SR+ was introduced in August 2016.[27] It was designed for wearable mobile devices, focusing on toughness, scratch resistance and optical clarity.[43] It was first used on the Samsung Gear S3 smartwatch.[44]

Gorilla Glass 6 was introduced in July 2018.[28] It has the scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass 5, but is designed to withstand multiple drops from even greater heights. It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy S10.[45]

Gorilla Glass DX and DX+ were introduced in July 2018, following the launch of Gorilla Glass 6.[29] An extension of Gorilla Glass SR+, Gorilla Glass DX features enhanced antireflective optics with the same scratch resistance of Gorilla Glass, while Gorilla Glass DX+ provides enhanced antireflective optics with superior scratch resistance. While primarily intended for wearable mobile devices, developments were underway to adapt these new glass composites to larger form-factor devices.[29] Gorilla Glass DX+ was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Watch.[46]

Gorilla Glass Victus was introduced in July 2020.[30] It improves both drop and scratch performance and is claimed by Corning to be twice as scratch resistant as its predecessor.[30] It was first used on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra.[47]

In July 2021, Corning announced that they will bring its Gorilla Glass DX and DX+ glass composites to cover smartphone camera lenses and said that Samsung would be the first customer to adopt them.[48] The first Samsung phones to use Gorilla Glass DX protection for the cameras were the Galaxy Z Fold 3 and the Galaxy Z Flip 3 in 2021.[49]

Gorilla Glass Victus 2 was introduced in November 2022.[31] The second-generation Victus has a new composition for improved drop performance on rough surfaces like concrete. In terms of scratch resistance, it is said to be similar to its predecessor.[50] However, according to user reports, the glass is easily scratched, and it has been suggested that this could be due to the use of softer materials for improved resistance to shattering.[51][52] Gorilla Glass Victus 2 was first used on the Samsung Galaxy S23 series in 2023.[53]

منتجات ذات صلة

On October 26, 2011, Corning announced the commercial launch of Lotus Glass, designed for OLED and next-generation LC displays.[54] The intrinsic thermal consistency of Lotus Glass allows it to retain its shape and quality during high-temperature processing. Decreased compaction and variation during the crystallization and activation step further reduce stress and distortions to the substrate. This enables tighter design rules in advanced backplanes for higher resolution and faster response time.[55] According to Corning, Gorilla Glass is specifically a cover glass for the exterior of display devices while Lotus Glass is designed as a glass substrate to be used within liquid crystal display panels. In other words, a single product could incorporate both Gorilla Glass and Lotus Glass.[56] On February 2, 2012, Corning Incorporated and Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. signed an agreement to establish a new equity venture for the manufacture of specialty glass substrates for the OLED device market in Korea. The joint venture is based on Lotus Glass.[57] Lotus XT Glass became available in 2013.[58]

In 2012, Corning introduced Willow Glass,[59] a flexible glass based on borosilicate glass,[60] launched for use as a display substrate.

Ceramic Shield, a ceramic-hardened front glass, was co-developed with Apple and is used on all iPhones from iPhone 12 onwards (except iPhone SE (3rd generation)).[61]

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب For wearable mobile devices.

المصادر

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  3. ^ أ ب ت "FAQs". Gorilla Glass. Corning. Retrieved 2001-10-08.
  4. ^ أ ب Ulanoff, Lance (January 12, 2011). "Why Is Gorilla Glass So Strong?". PC Magazine. Retrieved February 17, 2012. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "PC Mag" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  5. ^ Corning Announces Third-Quarter Results
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  7. ^ أ ب Isaacson, Walter (2011). "36 – The iPhone: Three Revolutionary Products in One". Steve Jobs. Simon & Schuster. pp. 471–72. ISBN 978‐1‐4516‐4853‐9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
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  9. ^ Lashinsky, Adam (27 December 2011). "Insights on the writing of Steve Jobs". CNN. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
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  14. ^ Kaiser, Tiffany (January 10, 2012). "CES 2012: Corning Announces Thinner Gorilla Glass 2". DailyTech. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
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