رودوكروسيت

Rhodochrosite
Rhodochrosite on Matrix - Peru.jpg
العامة
التصنيفCarbonate minerals
الصيغة
(repeating unit)		MnCO3
تصنيف سترونز5.AB.05
النظام البلوريTrigonal
Crystal classHexagonal scalenohedral (3m)
H-M symbol: (3 2/m)
Space groupR3c
Unit cella = 4.777, c = 15.67 [Å]; Z = 6
التعرف
كتلة الصيغة114.95 g/mol
ColorPink, rose, rose-red, red, cherry-red, yellow, yellowish grey, grey, cinnamon-brown, white, may be banded; colourless to pale rose in transmitted light.
Crystal habitRhombohedral and scalenohedral crystals; also commonly bladed, columnar, stalactitic, botryoidal, granular or massive
TwinningOn {1012} as contact and lamellar
CleavageOn {1011} perfect; parting on {1012}
FractureUneven, conchoidal
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness3.5–4
LustreVitreous to pearly
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to translucent
الجاذبية النوعية3.7
الصفات البصريةUniaxial (-)
Refractive indexnω = 1.814–1.816
nε = 1.596–1.598
Birefringenceδ = 0.218
Pleochroismweak
Ultraviolet fluorescenceNone
References[1][2][3]

Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate mineral with chemical composition MnCO3. In its pure form (rare), it is typically a rose-red colour,[5] but it can also be shades of pink to pale brown. It streaks white,[6] and its Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4.5. Its specific gravity is between 3.45 and 3.6.[7] It crystallizes in the trigonal system, and cleaves with rhombohedral carbonate cleavage in three directions. Crystal twinning often is present. It is often confused with the manganese silicate, rhodonite, but is distinctly softer.[8] Rhodochrosite is formed by the oxidation of manganese ore, and is found in South Africa, China, and the Americas.[6] It is officially listed as one of the National symbols of Argentina.

Rhodochrosite forms a complete solid solution series with iron carbonate (siderite). Calcium (as well as magnesium and zinc, to a limited extent) frequently substitutes for manganese in the structure, leading to lighter shades of red and pink, depending on the degree of substitution. This is the reason for the pink color of rhodochrosite.

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Occurrence and discovery

Rhodochrosite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other manganese minerals in low temperature ore deposits as in the silver mines of Romania where it was first found. Banded rhodochrosite is mined in Capillitas, Argentina.

It was first described in 1813 in reference to a sample from Cavnic, Maramureş, present-day Romania. The name is derived from the combination of Greek words ροδόν (rodon, meaning rose) and χρωσις (chrosis, meaning coloring).[1]


Use

Rhodochrosite is mainly used as an ore of manganese, which is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations and certain aluminium alloys.[9] Quality banded specimens are often used for decorative stones and jewellery. Due to its softness and perfect cleavage it is rarely found faceted in jewellery.[10]

Manganese carbonate is extremely destructive to the amalgamation process historically used in the concentration of silver ores, and were often discarded on the mine dump.

Culture

Right frame 
Rhodochrosite3d.jpg
Small Rhodochrosite specimen featured in a mineral kit, from Wuton mine, Guangxi, China.

Rhodochrosite is Argentina's "national gemstone".[11][12] Colorado officially named rhodochrosite as its state mineral in 2002.[13]

It is sometimes called "Rosa del Inca", "Inca Rose" or Rosinca.[14]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). "Rhodochrosite". Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). Vol. V (Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209740.
  2. ^ Rhodochrosite. Mindat.org
  3. ^ Rhodochrosite. Webmineral
  4. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  5. ^ Deer, William Alexander (1998). Rock-forming Minerals: Non-Silicates. Vol. 5B. Geological Society of London. pp. 150–152. ISBN 9781897799901.
  6. ^ أ ب Cairncross, Bruce (2015). Understanding Minerals & Crystals. Penguin Random House South Africa. p. 180. ISBN 9781775843344.
  7. ^ Ridgway, Robert Henderson (1933). Manganese: General Information. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. p. 3.
  8. ^ Rhodonite. Mindat.org
  9. ^ Emsley, John (2001). "Manganese". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
  10. ^ Matlins, Antoinette Leonard (2005). Colored gemstones : the Antoinette Matlins buying guide : how to select, buy, care for & enjoy sapphires, emeralds, rubies, and other colored gems with confidence and knowledge. Woodstock, Vt.: GemStone Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-943763-45-3. OCLC 60374175.
  11. ^ "Piedra nacional: la Rodocrosita" (in الإسبانية). Embassy of the Argentine Republic in the Colombian Republic. Retrieved 7 أكتوبر 2013.
  12. ^ Moreno, María (9 نوفمبر 2002). "La piedra argentina". Página/12 (in الإسبانية). Retrieved 7 أكتوبر 2013.
  13. ^ "Colorado State Archives; Symbols & Emblems". Retrieved 2 فبراير 2012.
  14. ^ Dietrich, R. V. (16 يوليو 2005). "Rhodochrosite". Central Michigan University. Retrieved 15 أغسطس 2007.
  • Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7.

External links

معرفة المصادر بها نص من the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica مقالة Rhodochrosite.

قالب:National emblems of Argentina

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