أمين المظالم Ombudsman

لافتة في بانجول، عاصمة غامبيا، توضح الاتجاهات إلى مكتب أمين المظالم

أمين المظالم (ombudsman؛ /ˈɒmbʊdzmən/ OM-buudz-mən, أيضًا الأمريكي /ʔbədzʔ,_ʔbʌdzʔ/ --bədz-, --budz-[1][2][3]), ombud, ombuds, bud, ombudswoman, ombudsperson, أو محامي الشعب[بحاجة لمصدر] هو موظف حكومي يحقق في الشكاوى ويحاول حلها، عادةً من خلال التوصيات (ملزمة أو غير ملزمة) أو الوساطة. يتم تعيينهم عادةً من قبل الحكومة أو من قبل البرلمان (غالبًا بدرجة كبيرة من الاستقلالية).

يهدف أمناء المظالم أيضًا إلى تحديد القضايا المنهجية التي تؤدي إلى ضعف الخدمة أو انتهاكات حقوق الأفراد. على المستوى الوطني، يتمتع معظم أمناء المظالم بولاية واسعة للتعامل مع القطاع العام بأكمله، وأحيانًا أيضًا بعض عناصر القطاع الخاص (مثل مزودي الخدمات المتعاقدين). في بعض الحالات، تكون هناك ولاية أكثر تقييدًا على قطاع معين من المجتمع. تشمل التطورات الحديثة إنشاء أمناء مظالم الأطفال المتخصصين.


في بعض الدول، قد يتولى مفتش عام أو محامي المواطن أو مسؤول آخر مهام مشابهة لتلك التي يقوم بها أمين مظالم وطني، وقد يتم تعيينه أيضًا من قبل الهيئة التشريعية. على المستوى دون الوطني، يمكن تعيين أمين مظالم من قبل حكومة ولاية أو محلية أو بلدية. يمكن أن يتم تعيين أمناء مظالم غير رسميين من قبل، أو حتى العمل لصالح، شركة مثل مزود خدمات المرافق، صحيفة، منظمة غير حكومية، أو هيئة تنظيمية مهنية.

في بعض الولايات القضائية، يُطلق على أمين المظالم المسؤول عن التعامل مع القضايا المتعلقة بالحكومة الوطنية بشكل أكثر رسمية "المفوض البرلماني" (على سبيل المثال، المفوض البرلماني للإدارة في المملكة المتحدة، وأمين المظالم لولاية أستراليا الغربية). في العديد من الدول حيث تشمل مسؤوليات أمين المظالم حماية حقوق الإنسان، يُعترف بأمين المظالم كمؤسسة وطنية لحقوق الإنسان (المؤسسات الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان).

بحلول نهاية القرن العشرين، كانت معظم الحكومات وبعض المنظمات الحكومية الدولية، مثل الاتحاد الأوروبي، قد أنشأت منصب أمين المظالم. اعتبارًا من عام 2005، تم إنشاء ما مجموعه 129 مكتبًا لأمناء المظالم على المستويات الوطنية ودون الوطنية حول العالم.[4]

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الأصول وأصل الكلمة

A prototype of an ombudsman may have flourished in China during the Qin dynasty (221 BC), and later in Korea during the Joseon dynasty.[5] The position of secret royal inspector, or amhaeng-eosa (암행어사, 暗行御史) was unique to the Joseon dynasty, where an undercover official directly appointed by the king was sent to local provinces to monitor government officials and look after the populace while travelling incognito. The Roman tribune had some similar roles, with the power to veto acts that infringed upon the Plebeians. Another precursor to the ombudsman was the Diwān al-Maẓālim (دِيوَانُ الْمَظَالِمِ) which appears to go back to the second caliph, Umar (634–644), and the concept of Qaḍī al-Quḍāt (قَاضِي الْقُضَاةِ).[6] They were also attested in Siam, India, the Liao dynasty, Japan, and China.[7]

An indigenous Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish term, ombudsman, ombodsmann, ombudsmann or ombudsmand is etymologically rooted in the Old Norse word umboðsmaðr, essentially meaning 'representative' (with the word umbud/ombod/ombud meaning 'proxy', 'attorney'; that is, someone who is authorized to act for someone else, a meaning it still has in the Scandinavian languages). In the Danish Law of Jutland from 1241, the term is umbozman and concretely means a royal civil servant in a hundred. From 1552, it is also used in other Nordic languages such as the Icelandic and Faroese umboðsmaður, the Norwegian ombudsmann/ombodsmann, and the Swedish ombudsman (sv). The general meaning was and is approximately 'a man representing (someone)' (i.e., a representative) or 'a man with a commission (from someone)' (a commissioner). The Swedish-speaking minority in Finland uses the Swedish terminology. The various forms of the suffix -mand, -maður, et cetera, are just the forms the common Germanic word represented by the English word man have in the various languages. Thus, the modern plural form ombudsmen of the English borrowed word ombudsman is likely.

Use of the term in its modern sense began in Sweden with the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman instituted by the Instrument of Government of 1809, to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the executive branch. The predecessor of the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman was the Office of Supreme Ombudsman (Högste Ombudsmannen), which was established by the Swedish King, Charles XII, in 1713. Charles XII was in exile in Turkey and needed a representative in Sweden to ensure that judges and civil servants acted in accordance with the laws and with their duties. If they did not do so, the Supreme Ombudsman had the right to prosecute them for negligence. In 1719 the Swedish Office of Supreme Ombudsman became the Chancellor of Justice.[8] The Parliamentary Ombudsman was established in 1809 by the Swedish Riksdag, as a parallel institution to the still-present Chancellor of Justice, reflecting the concept of separation of powers as developed by Montesquieu.[8]

The Parliamentary Ombudsman is the institution that the Scandinavian countries subsequently developed into its contemporary form, and which subsequently has been adopted in many other parts of the world. The word ombudsman and its specific meaning have since been adopted in various languages, such as Dutch. The German language uses Ombudsmann, Ombudsfrau and Ombudsleute. Notable exceptions are French, Italian, Spanish, and Finnish, which use translations instead. Modern variations of this term include ombud, ombuds, ombudsperson, or ombudswoman, and the conventional English plural is ombudsmen. In Nigeria, the ombudsman is known as the Public Complaints Commission or the ombudsman.[9]


في السياسة

In general, an ombudsman is a state official appointed to provide a check on government activity in the interests of the citizen and to oversee the investigation of complaints of improper government activity against the citizen. If the ombudsman finds a complaint to be substantiated, the problem may get rectified, or an ombudsman report is published making recommendations for change. Further redress depends on the laws of the country concerned, but this typically involves financial compensation. Ombudsmen in most countries do not have the power to initiate legal proceedings or prosecution on the grounds of a complaint. This role is sometimes referred to as a "tribunician" role, and has been traditionally fulfilled by elected representatives – the term refers to the ancient Roman "tribunes of the plebeians" (tribuni plebis), whose role was to intercede in the political process on behalf of common citizens.

The significant advantage of an ombudsman is that they examine complaints from outside the offending state institution, thus avoiding the conflicts of interest inherent in self-policing. However, the ombudsman system relies heavily on the selection of an appropriate individual for the office, and on the cooperation of at least some effective official from within the apparatus of the state. The institution has also been criticized:[ممن؟] "Ombudsmen are relics of absolutism, designed to iron out the worst excesses of administrative arbitrariness while keeping the power structures intact."[10]

في الهيئات

المقالة الرئيسية: Organizational ombudsman

Many private companies, universities, non-profit organisations, and government agencies also have an ombudsman (or an ombuds office) to serve internal employees, managers and/or other constituencies. These ombudsman roles are structured to function independently, by reporting to the CEO or board of directors, and according to the International Ombudsman Association (IOA) Standards of Practice, they do not have any other role in the organisation. Organisational ombudsmen often receive more complaints than alternative procedures such as anonymous hot-lines.[11]

Since the 1960s, the profession has grown in the United States, and Canada, particularly in corporations, universities, and government agencies. The organizational ombudsman works as a designated neutral party, one who is high-ranking in an organization, but who is not part of executive management. Using an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) or appropriate dispute resolution approach, an organisational ombudsman can provide options to whistleblowers or employees and managers with ethical concerns; provide coaching, shuttle diplomacy, generic solutions (meaning a solution which protects the identity of one individual by applying to a class of people, rather than just for the one individual) and mediation for conflicts; track problem areas; and make recommendations for changes to policies or procedures in support of orderly systems change.

Ombudsman services by country

For specific ombudspersons or commissioners for children or young people, also see Children's ombudsman.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ قالب:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  2. ^ "Ombudsman". قاموس كولينز الإنجليزي. هاربر كولينز. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  3. ^ "ombudsman" (الولايات المتحدة) و"ombudsman". قاموس ليكسكو قاموس الإنجليزية البريطانية. دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
  4. ^ مهابور الرحمن, محمد (يوليو 2011). BCS Bangladesh Affairs (in Bengali). Vol. I & II. ليون محمد جياس الدين. p. 46 (المجلد الثاني).
  5. ^ Park, Sangyil (2008). Korean Preaching, Han, and Narrative. American University Studies. Series VII. Theology and Religion. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0449-7.
  6. ^ Pickl, V. (1987). "Islamic Roots of Ombudsman Systems". The Ombudsman Journal.
  7. ^ McKenna Lang, "A Western King and an Ancient Notion: Reflections on the Origins of Ombudsing", Journal of Conflictology. Archived 22 نوفمبر 2015 at the Wayback Machine http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Conflictology/article/viewArticle/251703/0 http://openaccess.uoc.edu/webapps/o2/handle/10609/12627
  8. ^ أ ب ombudsmän, Riksdagens. "Historik". Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  9. ^ The Public Complaint's Commission (Amendment) Act No. 21 of 1979.
  10. ^ Beyer, Jürgen (2014). "The influence of reading room rules on the quality and efficiency of historical research" (PDF). Svensk tidskrift för bibliografi. 8 (3): 125.
  11. ^ Charles L. Howard, The Organizational Ombudsman: Origins, Roles and Operations, a Legal Guide, ABA, 2010.

وصلات خارجية

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International and regional ombudsman associations

Ombudsman directories

  • IOI – International Ombudsman Institute (international directory of ombudsmen)
  • Ombuds Blog includes lists of organizational ombuds offices in corporations, academic, governmental, and other organizations

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