دف

For other uses, see دف (توضيح).
Daf
Pair of dafs.jpg
آلة إيقاع
أسماء أخرىdafli, dap, def, tef, defi, gaval, duf, duff, dof
التصنيف Directly struck membranophones
Hornbostel–Sachs classification211.311
(Handle-less frame drum with one usable membrane)
نطاق اللعب
High sound of jingles, plus some have a skin with a lower sound.
آلات ذات صلة
Buben, Tambourine, Kanjira, Frame drum

الدف أو الرق آلة موسيقية إيقاعية قديمة العهد استخدمها العرب قبل الإسلام و بعد الإسلام.

الدف عبارة عن إيطار خشبي أو مع معدني يشد علية جلد رقيق على أحد وجهيه، وتعلق بالإطار جلاجل نحاسية رقيقة.

هناك أصناف من الدفوف كبيرة الحجم مثل البندير و المزهر، و يستعمل في ألحان الموالد و عند المتصوفين من الدراويش.

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التاريخ

دف في منمنمة، اصفهان، إيران.

The Pahlavi (an ancient Iranian language) name of the daf is dap.[1] Some pictures of daf have been found in paintings that date before the Common Era. The presence of the Iranian daf in the 6th–5th century BCE Behistun Inscription suggests that it existed before the rise of Islam and Sufism. Iranian music has always been a spiritual tool. It shows that daf played an important role in Mazdean Iran emerging as an important element during the Sassanian period during the Kâvusakân dynasty. Also, there is a kind of square frame drum in the stonecutting of Taq-e Bostan (another famous monument located 5km northeast of Kermanshah city). These frame drums were played in the ancient Middle East (chiefly by women in Kurdish societies), Greece, and Rome and reached medieval Europe through Islamic culture.

Daf depicted in middle Assyrian empire relief 1392 BC–934 BC

Nowruz (the first day of the Iranian New Year and the national festival of the Iranian people) and other festive occasions have been accompanied by daf in the Sassanid periods (224 AD–651 AD). In this period the daf was played in order to accompany Iranian classical music. Dafs were likely used in the court to be played in the modes and melodies of traditional music. This traditional or classical music was created by Barbod the Great and was named the khosravani after the mythical king Khosrow. Recent research reveals that these modes were used in the recitation of Mazdean (Zoroastrian) prayers. The modes were passed down from master to student and are today known as the radif and dastgah system. Many of the melodies were lost, but most of those that remain date to the Sassanid period. Dafs can be played to produce highly complex and intense rhythms, causing one to go under a trance and reach an ecstatic and spiritually-high state. For this reason, they have always been connected with religion in Iran.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Musicians in Aleppo, Syria, the Musician on the far left using the daf.

An engraved bronze cup from Lorestān at the National Museum of Iran in Tehran, portrays a double ney (end-blown reed pipes), chang (harp), and a daf in a shrine or court processional, as similarly documented in Egypt, Elam, and the Persian province of Babylonia where music was arranged for performance by large orchestral ensembles.[1]

The Arabs introduced the daf and other Middle Eastern musical instruments to Spain, and the Spanish adapted and promoted the daf and other musical instruments (such as the guitar) in medieval Europe. In the 15th century, the daf was only used in Sufi ceremonies; the Ottomans reintroduced it to Europe in the 17th century.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The daf still functions as an important part of Iranian music (both traditional and classical) as it did in ancient times. It successfully encourages many young Iranians to take up learning this ancient instrument.

Daf, and its smaller version called dafli, is also used across India.[2] It is believed to have arrived along with other Persian influences in the medieval era, and is a popular folk instrument. In southern India, its use became mainstream, especially in protests, during the early half of the 20th century.[3] Since the 1950s, it has also been used prominently in Bollywood.[3]


في الإسلام

In Islam, Daf holds special importance because some muslims believe that it is the only musical instrument which is permitted to be used.[4] The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, did not impose any restrictions on using the daf.[5] It has always been an important part of Islamic Sufi music.[6]

البنية والصناعة

موسيقيون پاكستانيون يلعبون بدفوف كبيرة

The jingles which are thin metal plates or rings, are attached to hooks in three or four rectangular holes in the circular wooden frame. The drumhead is made of fish or goat skin. The width of the frame is 45–50 cm (18–20 in.) and the depth, 5–7 cm (2–3 in.). In order to bend the frame, the wood ("buka", "orev") may be softened in water before being bent around a hot metal cylinder. The frame is closed by gluing the ends together. Finally, the skin is attached to the frame by fixing it with another wooden frame or by using nails. Another variation is to have the ring-style jingles arranged around the edge of the inside of the drum the whole way around[1] or to have several tiers half way around the inside edge.[7]

Iranian Kurds from Sanandaj

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت "Ghaval:Drumdojo:By Drummers For Drummers". 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة InEx
  3. ^ أ ب Nair, Malini (11 September 2016). "Why the dafli packs a big protest punch". Times of India. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  4. ^ Hewer, Chris (2014). Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0334052333. Some muslims hold all forms of music to be forbidden, others permit certain forms of unaccompanied singing, while others will permit the use of daff or drum like a tambourine (without the cymbals). In some sufi circles the flute or lute are permitted.
  5. ^ Leaman, Oliver (2013). Controversies in Contemporary Islam. Kentucky, USA: Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-1134499823. The daff, a simple drum or tambourine, is specifically mentioned. The Prophet did not impose any restriction on using the daff, a common musical instrument used at that time.
  6. ^ Zuhur, Sherifa (2021). Popular Dance and Music in Modern Egypt. Berkeley, California: McFarland. p. 200. ISBN 978-1476681993. Daff ... It has been important to Sufi music.
  7. ^ "semi-ringed frame drum". Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

External links

قالب:Iranian musical instruments قالب:Frame drums

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