دتشين

Děčín
Děčín
Statutory city
	View over the Elbe Valley
	Flag Coat of arms
	Děčín Location in the Czech Republic
	الإحداثيات: 50°46′25″N 14°11′46″E / 50.77361°N 14.19611°E
Country	التشيك
Region	Ústí nad Labem
District	Děčín
First mentioned	993
الحكومة
• Mayor	Jiří Anděl (ANO)
المساحة
• الإجمالي	117٫70 كم² (45٫44 ميل²)
المنسوب	135 m (443 ft)
التعداد (2021-01-01)
• الإجمالي	47٬951
• الكثافة	410/km2 (1٬100/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+1 (CET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	405 02
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.mmdecin.cz

Děčín (النطق التشيكي: [ˈɟɛtʃiːn]; ألمانية: Tetschen, 1942–45: Tetschen–Bodenbach) is a city in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 48,000 inhabitants. It is the 6th largest municipality in the country by area.

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الأجزاء الإدارية

Děčín is made up of 35 city parts and villages:

Děčín I-Děčín
Děčín II-Nové Město
Děčín III-Staré Město
Děčín IV-Podmokly
Děčín V-Rozbělesy
Děčín VI-Letná
Děčín VII-Chrochvice
Děčín VIII-Dolní Oldřichov
Děčín IX-Bynov
Děčín X-Bělá
Děčín XI-Horní Žleb
Děčín XII-Vilsnice
Děčín XIII-Loubí
Děčín XIV-Dolní Žleb
Děčín XV-Prostřední Žleb
Děčín XVI-Přípeř
Děčín XVII-Jalůvčí
Děčín XVIII-Maxičky
Děčín XIX-Čechy
Děčín XX-Nová Ves
Děčín XXI-Horní Oldřichov
Děčín XXII-Václavov
Děčín XXIII-Popovice
Děčín XXIV-Krásný Studenec
Děčín XXV-Chmelnice
Děčín XXVI-Bechlejovice
Děčín XXVII-Březiny
Děčín XXVIII-Folknáře
Děčín XXIX-Hoštice nad Labem
Děčín XXX-Velká Veleň
Děčín XXXI-Křešice
Děčín XXXII-Boletice nad Labem
Děčín XXXIII-Nebočady
Děčín XXXIV-Chlum
Děčín XXXV-Lesná

الجغرافيا

Děčín is located in northwestern Bohemia, at the confluence of the rivers Elbe and Ploučnice. The Elbe cut through the soft sandstone mountains of the region, and the city lies in the transition zone between Bohemian Switzerland and the Lusatian Mountains in the north and the Central Bohemian Uplands in the south. With the elevation of 135 metres (443 ft) in the river valley it is the lowest city in the country.

التاريخ

Děčín Castle, 1855

The Děčín area was settled by the Slavic tribe of the Děčané in the 9th century, whence its name. In the 10th century the Přemyslid dukes of Bohemia had a fortress built on the left bank of the Elbe ford, but after a flood, it was rebuilt on the right bank in 1059.^[2] A settlement on the trade route from the Ore Mountains in the west to the adjacent Upper Lusatia region was first mentioned in a 993 deed. King Ottokar II of Bohemia (1253–1278) had the town of Děčín laid out as an administrative centre of the surrounding estates after calling in German settlers.

It was under the control of the Lords of Wartenberg from 1305 until 1534, when it was bought by the rich Lord Rudolf von Bünau. This family introduced Protestantism to the region and the town flourished; however the Protestant belief was suppressed by the Habsburg kings in the course of the Counter-Reformation, and the Bünaus were driven out upon the 1620 Battle of White Mountain. In 1628 they sold the town to the Barons of Thun;^[2] it was devastated several times during the Thirty Years' War.

In the 18th century, Děčín (Tetschen) followed fashion and became a spa town under Baron Johann Joseph Thun. He searched the area for a suitable spring and found one in the nearby village of Horní Žleb (Obergrund) in 1768. The centre of a busy trading hub was not, however, the ideal place to build a spa. The idea was eventually dropped in 1922. In the 21st century the town's spa past has been largely forgotten.

Podmokly coat of arms

To promote trade, the Elbe Valley railway line was completed in 1851, which stimulated development along the left bank of the river. Soon, neighbouring Bodenbach (Podmokly) grew bigger than Tetschen and received town privileges in 1901. Following World War I, since 1918, the area was part of Czechoslovakia. Upon the 1938 Munich Agreement, both towns were annexed by Nazi Germany, incorporated into the Reichsgau Sudetenland, and merged in 1942. Under German occupation, a Gestapo prison^[3] and a forced labour camp were located in the city.^[4] After the war, the ethnic German population was expelled under terms of the 1945 Potsdam Agreement and the Beneš decrees.

In August 2002, extreme weather conditions led to extensive flooding all across Europe, and Děčín was also badly hit. Water levels rose from their usual two meters to 12 meters; five barges broke loose from their moorings and threatened to break apart a town bridge and float toward Dresden before demolition experts sank them with explosives. At one point 1,600 people were evacuated. The historic center and also many of the tourist spots are at higher elevations, so they were left undamaged, preserving part of the city's economic base. But many lower lying buildings were ruined.

السكان

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1869	17٬492	—
1880	22٬846	+30.6%
1890	28٬298	+23.9%
1900	37٬617	+32.9%
1910	48٬148	+28.0%

Year	Pop.	±%
1921	50٬010	+3.9%
1930	55٬925	+11.8%
1950	42٬563	−23.9%
1961	46٬339	+8.9%
1970	50٬301	+8.6%

Year	Pop.	±%
1980	53٬207	+5.8%
1991	53٬899	+1.3%
2001	52٬506	−2.6%
2011	49٬106	−6.5%
2021	47٬951	−2.4%

Source: Historical lexicon of municipalities of the Czech Republic^[5]

النقل والاقتصاد

Nearby, there is an important border crossing of the Elbe Valley railway en route to Dresden in Germany. Děčín station is about 83 minutes north of Prague by rail. A parallel highway along the Elbe across the border to Bad Schandau was laid out by the Germans in 1938. All cargo transported by rail, road, and water passes through the city.

Products made in Děčín include sheet-metal, food, textiles, chemicals, soap, beer and preserved fish; the city is also home to printing and publishing companies.

المعالم

Synagogue, 1907
Renaissance-era bridge
Holy Rood Church, 1687–1691
"Sheep's Bridge", 1620

قلعة دتشين

Děčín Castle is one of the most popular sights in the region. It is located on a hill near the city centre and overlooks the Elbe. Not later than in 1128, it was constructed as a wooden fortress, and replaced by a royal stone castle in the 13th century. In the 16th century, a grand Renaissance palace was constructed on the site, to be renovated in the Baroque style from the 17th century onward.^[6]

From 1628, the castle served as the administrative centre of the Thun und Hohenstein family. They built an unusual feature of the castle – the long, straight-walled road leading up to it, known as the "Long Ride" (Dlouhá jízda). The last major renovation was completed in 1803. In 1835, Frédéric Chopin wrote his Waltz in A-flat major, Op. 34 No. 1 here.^[6]

In 1932, financial problems forced the Thun und Hohenstein family to sell the castle to the Czechoslovak state. It served as army barracks, then it was appropriated by occupying Germans as a military garrison during World War II. Lastly, it was occupied by Soviet troops, who invaded from the east and rousted the Germans.^[6]

Empress Elisabeth Bridge, c. 1890

The Soviet Army departed in 1991, leaving the castle in a state of disrepair. In 2005, the government completed a restoration of a large part of the castle and opened it as a museum and venue for private gatherings and public events.^[6]

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حجر الجوع

مقالة مفصلة: حجر الجوع

في نهر إلبه بالقرب من ضفته اليسرى ينتصب حجر الجوع من البازلت ومساحته 6 م²، ويظهر فقط حين ينخفض الماء لمستوى منخفض خطير. وعادة ما يكون ذلك مؤشراً على قحط قادم للمنطقة. ويُعرف بإسم "حجر الجوع"، لأنه في الأزمنة القديمة، حين ظهر، توقف النقل النهري بسبب انخفاض مستوى الماء.

كان انقطاع التجارة يعني أن الناس سيعانون من نقص الغذاء والإمدادات الأخرى. تم تحديد أدنى مستويات المياه على الحجر منذ عام 1417، ولا تزال العلامات من عام 1616 فصاعدًا واضحة. وعلى الحجر نقش باللغة الألمانية "إذا رأيتني فأبكي". (Wenn Du mich siehst, dann weine).

أشخاص بارزون

Anton Kern (1710–1747), painter
Johann Münzberg (1799–1878), textile manufacturer in Bohemia
Miroslav Tyrš (1832–1884), founder of the Sokol physical education
Franz, Prince of Thun and Hohenstein (1847–1916), Austro-Hungarian politician
Adolf Wilhelm (1864–1950), Austrian classical philologist and epigrapher
Johann Radon (1887–1956), mathematician
Julius Arigi (1891–1985), Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot
Maria Paudler (1903–1990), German actress
Hans-Georg Münzberg (1916–2000), German engineer
Egon Klepsch (1930–2010), German politician
Wolfgang Jeschke (1936–2015), German sci-fi author
Jiří Bartoška (born 1947), actor and the president of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
Dana Chladek (born 1963), American slalom kayaker
Jaroslava Fabiánová (born 1965), serial killer
Vladimír Šmicer (born 1973), footballer
Jan Švec (born 1975), media pedagogue
Karolína Kurková (born 1984), model