داوگاڤپيلس

داوگاڤپيلس

Daugavpils
داوگاڤپيلس Daugavpils
مدينة
	City from different points of view
	Flag Coat of arms
	داوگاڤپيلس Location of Daugavpils in Latvia
	الإحداثيات: 55°52′30″N 26°32′8″E / 55.87500°N 26.53556°E
البلد	لاتڤيا
Established	1275
Town rights	1582
الحكومة
• Chairman of the City Council	Igors Prelatovs (Our Party)
• Number of city council members	15
المساحة
• مدينة	72٫48 كم² (27٫98 ميل²)
• الماء	9٫75 كم² (3٫76 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب	139 m (456 ft)
أوطى منسوب	86 m (282 ft)
التعداد (1 يناير 2020)
• مدينة	82٬046
• الترتيب	2
• الكثافة	1٬100/km2 (2٬900/sq mi)
• Urban (2017)	112٬679
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+2 (EET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	LV-54(01–65)
Calling code	(+371) 654
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.daugavpils.lv

داوگاڤپيلس (Daugavpils ؛ النطق اللاتڤي: [ˈdauɡaupils] ( استمع); لاتگالية: Daugpiļs [ˈdaʊkʲpʲilʲsʲ]; see other names) is a city in south-eastern Latvia, located on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga, which is located some 230 kilometres (143 miles) to its north-west.

Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania (distances of 33 km (21 mi) and 25 km (16 mi) respectively), and some 120 km (75 mi) from the Latvian border with Russia. Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre and lies approximately midway between Riga and Minsk, and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg.

Daugavpils, then Dyneburg, was the capital of Polish-Lithuanian Livonia while in Poland-Lithuania. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, the city became part of the Russian Empire. Since the Second World War, it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population, with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities. Historically, German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages.

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الأسماء

Historically, several names in various languages have identified Daugavpils. Some are still in use today.

بالبيلاروسية: Даўґаўпілс (Daŭgaŭpils), Дзвінск (Dzvinsk),^{[nb 1]} historically Дынабурґ (Dynaburg)
الإستونية: [Väinalinn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
فنلندية: Väinänlinna
ألمانية: Dünaburg
لاتگالية: Daugpiļs
لتوانية: Daugpilis
پولندية: Dyneburg
روسية: Даугавпилс, Невгин (Nevgin), Динабург (Dinaburg), Борисоглебск (Borisoglebsk 1656–67), Двинск (Dvinsk)
باليديشية: דענענבורג (Denenburg), باليديشية: דינאַבורג (Dinaburg), باليديشية: דווינסק (Dvinsk)

خط زمني لتغير الاسم

Dünaburg (1275–1656)
Borisoglebsk (1656–1667)
Dünaburg (1667–1893)
Dvinsk (1893–1920)
Daugavpils (since 1920)

الجغرافيا

المناخ

The city has a moderate continental climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Daugavpils features a humid continental climate (Dfb).

Climate data for Daugavpils
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	7.5 (45.5)	13.1 (55.6)	18.4 (65.1)	24.4 (75.9)	30.4 (86.7)	31.8 (89.2)	33.6 (92.5)	31.6 (88.9)	28.8 (83.8)	23.6 (74.5)	16.3 (61.3)	10.2 (50.4)	33.6 (92.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−3.8 (25.2)	−2.5 (27.5)	2.4 (36.3)	10.4 (50.7)	18.1 (64.6)	21.4 (70.5)	22.4 (72.3)	21.5 (70.7)	16.1 (61.0)	9.9 (49.8)	3.2 (37.8)	−1.3 (29.7)	9.8 (49.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−6.7 (19.9)	−5.9 (21.4)	−1.8 (28.8)	5.2 (41.4)	12.1 (53.8)	15.7 (60.3)	16.9 (62.4)	15.9 (60.6)	11.2 (52.2)	6.1 (43.0)	1.0 (33.8)	−3.8 (25.2)	5.5 (41.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−10.0 (14.0)	−9.4 (15.1)	−5.7 (21.7)	0.7 (33.3)	6.3 (43.3)	10.1 (50.2)	11.7 (53.1)	10.9 (51.6)	7.2 (45.0)	2.9 (37.2)	−1.3 (29.7)	−6.7 (19.9)	1.4 (34.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−36.0 (−32.8)	−34.5 (−30.1)	−32.0 (−25.6)	−18.6 (−1.5)	−5.5 (22.1)	−0.6 (30.9)	3.6 (38.5)	−1.5 (29.3)	−5.0 (23.0)	−11.2 (11.8)	−22.0 (−7.6)	−38.7 (−37.7)	−38.7 (−37.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	36 (1.4)	27 (1.1)	34 (1.3)	40 (1.6)	51 (2.0)	73 (2.9)	83 (3.3)	74 (2.9)	66 (2.6)	52 (2.0)	52 (2.0)	46 (1.8)	634 (25.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	9.6	7.7	8.5	8.0	9.2	9.9	11.1	10.2	11.7	9.8	11.4	11.9	119.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours	34	61	123	170	250	259	255	226	151	90	33	22	1٬674
Source: NOAA^[3]

الديمغرافيا

Dynamics of the population of Daugavpils in 1772–2008

As of 1 January 2020, the city had a population of 82,046.^[4] In Daugavpils 85% of the voters supported the proposal to make Russian the second state language in the 2012 referendum.^[5]

Demographics of Daugavpils 2011 Census data^[6]

روس			53.6%
لاتڤيون			19.8%
پولنديون			14.2%
بلاروس			7.2%
أوكران			1.9%
لتوان			1.0%
آخرون			2.3%

الدين

Ss Boris and Gleb Orthodox Cathedral at Church Hill. وهي أكبر كنيسة أرثوذكسية في لاتڤيا

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التاريخ

Daugavpils (Dvinsk) town centre at the beginning of the 20th century

Historical affiliations

Livonian Order 1275–1561

Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1561–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1772
Russian Empire 1772–1917
Republic of Latvia 1920−1940
الاتحاد السوڤيتي 1940–1941
Reichskommissariat Ostland 1941–1944
الاتحاد السوڤيتي 1944–1991

لاتڤيا 1991–present

A 1912 photo by Prokudin-Gorsky

التاريخ اليهودي

Prior to the Holocaust, Daugavpils, (called by its Jewish inhabitants Dvinsk), was home to the most prominent Jewish community in eastern Latvia. The city was already a Jewish center as early as the 1780s and by the time of the 1897 census, they numbered 32,400 (44% of the overall population of the city). By 1911 they had increased to 50,000. The Jews of the town were very prosperous and ran 32 factories and there were 4000 artisans among them.

The city not only boasted a large Jewish population but a rich religious culture including 40 synagogues. The city was home to two of the most prominent rabbis of their time: Joseph Rosen (1858-1936), known as the Rogatchover Gaon (genius from Rahachow), was famed for his commentaries on the works of Maimonides and on the Talmud. Famed for his acidic wit and penetrating genius, he led the towns Hasidic Jews. His 'competitor', the leader of the local Misnagdim (non-Hasidic Jews) was the Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843-1926). Rabbi Meir Simcha was also renowned for his work on Maimonides (Or Somayach) as well as Bible commentary Meshech Chochma. In one famous comment he predicted that since some Jews had assimilated and viewed Berlin as their 'Jerusalem' they would suffer persecution originating in Berlin.

Another famous Jewish resident was the abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko. Born in Daugavpils in 1903 he immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States where he painted over 800 paintings in his unique style.

Jewish Daugavpils came to an end following the Nazi German invasion on June 26, 1941. Falsely claiming that the Jews had conspired to set fire to the town and that they were assisting the Soviet army, the Germans and their Latvian collaborators carried out large executions on June 28–29. During July the Jews were enslaved and forced to cut down timber. On July 7–11 Einsatzkommando 1b under Erich Ehrlinger executed many of the remaining Jews. Later in July the 14,000 remaining Jews were forced into a Ghetto along with those from nearby towns. By the end of August an additional 7000 Jews had died at the hands of the Nazis and the local Latvian collaborators. The largest execution took place in November 1941 and was followed by plagues that decimated the few survivors. Only about 1500 Jews remained in the city. These were murdered on May 1, 1942. When the town was liberated in 1944 only 100 survivors remained of a community of 16,000. For more on the Holocaust in Daugavpils see Daugavpils Ghetto.

Art, architecture, and culture

An Art Nouveau building on 41 Saules street

البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة

Daugavpils is twinned with:^[7]

Alaverdi, Armenia
Babruysk, Belarus
Batumi, Georgia
Central Administrative Okrug (Moscow), Russia
Ferrara, Italy
Harbin, China
Kharkiv, Ukraine
Lida, Belarus
Magdeburg, Germany
Motala, Sweden
Naro-Fominsk, Russia
Panevėžys, Lithuania
Pskov, Russia
Radom, Poland
Ramla, Israel
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Vagharshapat, Armenia
Vitebsk, Belarus

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