خط زمني للأنابيب النانوية الكربونية

خط زمني للأنابيب النانوية الكربونية:

داخل أنبوب نانوي كربوني

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1952

  • رادوشكيڤيتش و لوقيانوڤيتش نشرا بحثا في المجلة السوڤيتية للكيمياء الفيزيائية تظهر ألياف الجرافيت الكربونية المجوفة وأبعادها 50.34 نانومتر في القطر.[1]


1976

1979

1985

1987

  • هوارد.ج.تينيت، من تحفيز هايپريون، يحصل على براءة اختراع للجرافيت المجوف القلب

"fibrils" .[5]

1991

  • الأنابيب النانومترية التي اكتشفت في السناج للقوس في تصريف في NEC, للعالم اليابانى الباحث سوميو إيجاما.[6]
  • أوجست — الأنابيب النانونية أكتشفت في CVD بواسطة ا.ل هارينجتون و توم ماجناس تابع ل CVD Maganas Industries, و ادت الى تطوير طريقة لتخليق غشاء أنبوبى نانوى ذو غطاء رقيق وحيد الجزىء .[7]

1992

1993

1995

  • باحثون سويسريون كانوا أول من أوضح خواص الإنبعاث الإليكترونى للأنابيب النانوية الكربونية [13]. مبتكر ألمانى تيل كيسمان وهوبرت جروس-ويلده ويلده إكتشف تلك الخاصية للأنابيب النانوية الكربونية مبكرة في العام الذى حصلوا فيه على البراءة [14].

1997

  • أول الأنابيب النانوية الكربونية أحادية الإلكترون الترنزستورات (تعمل تحت درجة حرارة منخفضة) تم عرضها لدى جامعة دلفت[15] UC Berkeley[16].
  • الاقتراح الأول بإستخدام الأنابيب النانومترية الكربونية كهوائيات بصرية تم إنجازها لبراءة إختراع لروبرت كرولى في يناير 1997[17].

1998

  • أول أنابيب نانوية كربونية ترانزستور تأثير الحقل (FET) عرضت بواسطة مجموعة جامعة دلفت[18] و IBM[19].

2000

  • أول عرض يبرهن ان رضوخ التغييرات المقاومة[20]

2001

  • April — IBM announces a technique for automatically developing pure semiconductor surfaces from nanotubes.[21]

2002

  • January — Multi-walled nanotubes demonstrated to be fastest known oscillators (> 50 GHz).[22]
  • REBO method of quickly and accurately modeling classical nanotube behavior is described.[23]

2003

  • أبريل— Demonstration proves that bending changes resistance.[24]
  • June — High purity (20% impure) nanotubes with metallic properties were reported to be extracted with electrophoretic techniques.[25]
  • September — NEC announced stable fabrication technology of carbon nanotube transistors[26]

2004


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2005

  • May — A prototype high-definition 10-centimetre flat screen made using nanotubes was exhibited.[30]
  • August — University of California finds Y-shaped nanotubes to be ready-made transistors.[31]
  • August — General Electric announced the development of an ideal carbon nanotube diode that operates at the "theoretical limit" (the best possible performance). A photovoltaic effect was also observed in the nanotube diode device that could lead to breakthroughs in solar cells, making them more efficient and thus more economically viable.[32]
  • August — Nanotube sheet synthesised with dimensions 5 × 100 cm.[33]
  • September — Applied Nanotech (Texas), in conjunction with six Japanese electronics firms, have created a prototype of a 25-inch TV using carbon nanotubes. The prototype TV does not suffer from "ghosting," as some types of digital TVs do.[34]
  • September — Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory demonstrated that ignition by a conventional flashbulb takes place when a layer of 29% iron enriched SWNT is placed on top of a layer of explosive material such as PETN. With ordinary explosives optical ignition is only possible with high powered lasers.[35]
  • September — Researchers demonstrated a new way to coat MWNT's with magnetite which after orientation in a magnetic field were able to attract each other over a distance of at least 10 micrometres.[36]The nanotubes were functionalized with negatively charged carboxylic acid groups in an AIBN type free radical addition. Magnetite nanoparticles prepared by the Massart method were given a positive charge by washing with nitric acid which made them stick to the nanotubes by electrostatic forces.
  • September — American and Korean scientists, working at Columbia University and Pohang University of Science and Technology and lead by Professor's Philip Kim of Columbia and Kim Kwang-Soo of Pohang, succeeded in pulling out a nested tube from a multiwalled nanotube (MWNT).[37]
  • November — Liquid flows up to five orders of magnitude faster than predicted through array.[38]
  • December — Indian Institutes of Technology Kanpur(India) announces presence of CNT in Soft-Kohl.[39]

2006

The winning nanotube-enhanced bike
  • January — Thin films of nanotubes made by evaporation.[40]
  • January — Another new method for growing forests of nanotubes is announced.[41]
  • January — Elasticity increased from 20% to 280% by raising temperatures, causing diameter and conductivity to change greatly.[42]
  • March — IBM announces that they have built an electronic circuit around a CNT.[43]
  • March — Nanotubes used as a scaffold for damaged nerve regeneration.[44]
  • May — Method of placing nanotube accurately is developed by IBM.[45]
  • June — Gadget invented by Rice University that can sort nanotubes by size and electrical properties[46]
  • July — Nanotubes were alloyed into the carbon fiber bike that won the 2006 Tour de France.[47]
  • August — oscillating nanotubes found to detect and identify individual molecules.[48]

2009

  • April — Nanotubes incorporated in virus battery[49]

References

  1. ^ Monthioux, Marc (2006). "من هو الذى سيحظى بشرف وضع إسمه على الإكتشاف لأنابيب النانو الكربونية?" (PDF). الكربون. 44: 1621. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019.
  2. ^ Oberlin, A. (1976). "نمو فتيلة الكربون مع أو خلال تحلل البنزين". J. Cryst. Growth. 32: 335. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "1D Diamond Crystal - A continuous pseudo-one dimensional diamond crystal - maybe a nanotube?". Retrieved 2006-10-21.
    "Audacious & Outrageous: Space Elevators". NASA. 7 September 2000. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  4. ^ Kroto, H. W. (1985). "C60: Buckminsterfullerene". Nature. 318: 162–163. doi:10.1038/318162a0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Tennent, Howard G (5 May 1987). "Carbon fibrils, method for producing same and compositions containing same". قالب:US Patent. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |"url= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Iijama, سوميو (7 November 1991). "Helical الأنابيب الميكروية". Nature. 354: 56–58. doi:10.1038/354056a0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |للكربون الجرافيتى url= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Maganas, Thomas C (1 September 1992). "Intermittent film deposition method and system". قالب:US Patent. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Mintmire, J.W. (3 February 1992). "هل أنيبيبات الفوليرين معدنية?". Physical Review Letters. 68: 631–634. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.631. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Saito, R. (15 July 1992). "Electronic structure of graphene tubules based on C60". Physical Review B. 46: 1804–1811. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.46.1804. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Hamada, N. (9 March 1992). "New One-Dimensional Conductors: Graphitic Microtubules". Physical Review Letters. 68: 1579–1581. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1579. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Bethune, D. S. (17 June 1993). "نمو أنابيب الكربون النانونية بالكوبالت المحفز بجدران ذى طبقة وحيدة- الذرة". Nature. 363: 605–607. doi:10.1038/363605a0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |جدرانurl= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Iijima, Sumio (17 June 1993). "أنابيب نانوية كربونية وحيدة الغلافof 1-nm diameter". Nature. 363: 603–605. doi:10.1038/363603a0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ de Heer, W. A. (17 November 1995). "A Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Electron Source". Science. 270: 1179–1180. doi:10.1126/science.270.5239.1179. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ FIELD-EMISSION CATHODE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING IT - Patent EP0801805
  15. ^ Tans, S. (3 April 1997). "Individual single-أنابيب نانوية كربونية الجدار تعمل". Nature (PDF). 386: 474–477. doi:10.1038/386474a0. {{cite journal}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |كأسلاك الكم url= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Bockrath, M. (28 March 1997). "النقل الالكتروني واحد من الكربون في الحبال والأنابيب النانومترية" (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 275: 1922–1925. doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1922. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?id=mPURAAAAEBAJ&dq=6700550
  18. ^ Tans, S. (7 May 1998). "Room-temperature ترانسستور مبنى على أنبوب نانوى كربونى واحد" (PDF). Nature. 393: 49–52. doi:10.1038/29954. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Martel, R. (26 October 1998). "Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors". Applied Physics Letters. 73: 2447–2449. doi:10.1063/1.122477. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Tombler et al. قابل للإنعكاس في الخصائص الكهربائية والأنابيب النانومترية الكربونية المحلية في إطار التحقيق في التناول, Nature, Volume 405, Issue 6788, pp. 769-772 (2000)
  21. ^ Collins, Philip (27 April 2001). "Engineering Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotube Circuits Using Electrical Breakdown". Science. 292: 706–709. doi:10.1126/science.1058782. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Nanotubes in the Fast Lane". 18 January 2002. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  23. ^ "Nanotube-Based New Materials: Filling". Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  24. ^ "Nanotubes Under Stress". 16 April 2003. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  25. ^ Dumé, Belle (27 June 2003). "Nanotubes go their separate ways". Physicsweb. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  26. ^ "Tests Verify Carbon Nanotube Enable Ultra High Performance Transistor" (Press release). NEC. 19 September 2003. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  27. ^ Wei JQ et al. (2004), Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs, Applied Physics Letters 84
  28. ^ Zheng, L. X. (2004). "Ultralong single-wall carbon nanotubes". Nature Materials. 3: 673–676. doi:10.1038/nmat1216. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Spotlight on Nanotubes". 19 August 2004. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  30. ^ "Carbon nanotubes used in computer and TV screens". New Scientist. 21 May 2005. p. 28.
  31. ^ Knight, Will (15 August 2005). "Y-shaped nanotubes are ready-made transistors". New Scientist Tech. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  32. ^ "GE's Research Program Achieves Major Feat in Nanotechnology" (Press release). GE. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  33. ^ "Carbon-nanotube fabric measures up". Nanotechweb.org. 18 August 2005.
  34. ^ "Applied Nanotech To Produce 25-Inch Colour Carbon Nanotube TV". 30 September 2003. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  35. ^ Manaa, M. Riad (2005). "Flash Ignition and Initiation of Explosives-Nanotubes Mixture". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127(40): 13786–13787. doi:10.1021/ja0547127. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Chemical Communications Articles
  37. ^ Hong, Byung Hee (4 October 2005). "Extracting subnanometer single shells from ultralong multiwalled carbon nanotubes" (PDF). PNAS. 102 (40): 14155–14158. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Nanotube flow faster than predicted". Nanotechweb.org. 11 November 2005.
  39. ^ Singh, Rao Jaswant (11 December 2005). "Cutting Edge - The nano science of kajal". Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  40. ^ Kalaugher, Liz (25 January 2006). "Drying droplets create nanotube films". Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  41. ^ Kalaugher, Liz (10 January 2006). "Carbon nanotubes grow from base". Retrieved 2006-10-21.
  42. ^ "Carbon nanotubes go superplastic". 19 January 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
    Smalley, Richard E. (17 January 2006). "Method for forming composites of sub-arrays of single-wall carbon nanotubes" (PDF). قالب:US Patent. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "IBM takes step towards chip nanotechnology". CNN Money. 24 March 2006.
    Hutson, Stu (23 March 2006). "Nanotube circuit could boost chip speeds".
    "Nano circuit offers big promise". 24 March 2006.
  44. ^ "Optic nerve regrown with a nanofibre scaffold". 13 March 2006.
  45. ^ "Carbon nanotubes pinned down at last". 30 May 2006.
  46. ^ "Gadget sorts nanotubes by size". 27 June 2006.
  47. ^ "Carbon nanotubes enter Tour de France". 7 July 2006.
  48. ^ "Carbon-nanotube 'strings' may ID single molecules". New Scientist. 28 August 2006.
  49. ^ "New virus-built battery could power cars, electronic devices". 2 April 2009.

وصلات خارجية