حركة الوعي الأسود
حركة الوعي الأسود Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) كانت حركة جذور ناشطة مناهضة للأپارتهايد نشأت في جنوب أفريقيا في منتصف ع1960 من political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.[1] The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness.
[Black Consciousness'] origins were deeply rooted in Christianity. In 1966, the Anglican Church under the incumbent, Archbishop Robert Selby Taylor, convened a meeting which later on led to the foundation of the University Christian Movement (UCM). This was to become the vehicle for Black Consciousness.[2]
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التاريخ
The Black Consciousness Movement started to develop during the late 1960s, and was led by ستيڤ بيكو, Mamphela Ramphele, and Barney Pityana. During this period, which overlapped with Apartheid, the ANC had committed to an armed struggle through its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe, but this small guerrilla army was neither able to seize and hold territory in South Africa nor to win significant concessions through its efforts. The ANC had been banned by Apartheid leaders, and although the famed Freedom Charter remained in circulation in spite of attempts to censor it, for many students, the ANC had disappeared.
The term Black Consciousness stems from American educator W. E. B. Du Bois's evaluation of the double consciousness of American blacks being taught what they feel inside to be lies about the weakness and cowardice of their race. Du Bois echoed Civil War era black nationalist Martin Delany's insistence that black people take pride in their blackness as an important step in their personal liberation. This line of thought was also reflected in the Pan-Africanist, Marcus Garvey, as well as Harlem Renaissance philosopher Alain Locke and in the salons of the sisters, Paulette and Jane Nardal in Paris.[3] Biko's understanding of these thinkers was further shaped through the lens of postcolonial thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, Léopold Senghor, and Aimé Césaire. Biko reflects the concern for the existential struggle of the black person as a human being, dignified and proud of his blackness, in spite of the oppression of colonialism. The aim of this global movement of black thinkers was to build black consciousness and African consciousness, which they felt had been suppressed under colonialism.[4]
The Soweto uprising and after: 1976–present
Important figures in the movement
- Steve Biko – founder
- Bennie Khoapa
- Mapetla Mohapi
- Strini Moodley
- Malusi Mpumlwana
- Thamsanga Mnyele – artist
- Rubin Phillip – cleric
- Barney Pityana
- Mamphela Ramphele
- Mthuli ka Shezi – playwright
- Aubrey Mokoape
- Barney Simon – founder of The Market Theatre
- Vuyisile Mini - activist and songwriter
جماعات ذات صلة
- Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO)
- Black Allied Worker's Union
- Black People's Convention
- Black Community Programmes
- Négritude, a literary movement in francophone Africa
- Neo Black Movement of Africa
- Socialist Party of Azania (SOPA)
- South African Student Organisation (SASO)
انظر أيضاً
- Africana womanism
- Black Power
- Black Power Revolution
- Black Surrealism
- Négritude
- Zanempilo Community Health Care Centre
- Soweto Uprising
- مؤسسة ستيڤ بيكو
- I Write What I Like
- Ginsberg, Eastern Cape
الهامش
- ^ THE SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE: Its historic significance in the struggle against apartheid by David M. Sibeko
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Paulette Nardal and her sister Jane contributed invaluably to the négritude movement both with their writings and by being the proprietors of the Clamart Salon, the tea-shop haunt of the French-Black intelligentsia where the négritude movement truly began. It was from the Clamart Salon that Paulette Nardal and the Haitian Dr. Leo Sajou founded La revue du Monde Noir (1931–32), a literary journal published in English and French, which attempted to be a mouthpiece for the growing movement of African and Caribbean intellectuals in Paris.
- ^ Biko, Steve. I Write what I Like, University of Chicago Press (2002). The roots of conflicting consciousness are discussed in the introduction to this collection of Biko's writings as written by Lewis R. Gordon (p. ix), as well as in Chapter 11, Steve Biko's essay "Black Racism and White Consciousness" (pp. 61–72) in that volume. Mamphela Ramphele describes Biko's referencing of Négritude writers on p. 55 of her autobiography Across Boundaries, The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1999.
للاستزادة
- Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68, Simon & Schuster, 2006.
- Amatoritsero (Godwin) Ede, The Black Consciousness Movement in South African Literature.
- George M. Fredrickson (1981), White Supremacy: a Comparative Study of American and South African History, Oxford University Press USA, 1995.
- Gail M. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa: the Evolution of an Ideology, University of California Press, 1979.
- Thomas G. Karis, Gail M. Gerhart, From Protest to Challenge: Nadir and Resurgence, 1964-1979, vol. 5: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882 – 1990, Unisa Press, 1997.
وصلات خارجية
- The BCM in South African literature
- Interview with Mamphela Ramphele
- The relevance of Black Consciousness today, 2010
- Black Consciousness in Dialogue: Steve Biko, Richard Turner and the ‘Durban Moment’ in South Africa, 1970 – 1974, Ian McQueen, SOAS, 2009
- "Tribute: Strini Moodley's Legacy"[dead link] Economic and Political Weekly, 3 June 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
- Columbia University research page on the BCM.
- Bikoism or Mbekism? Thesis on Biko's Black Consciousness in contemporary South Africa
- Black Consciousness in South Africa, by Nigel Gibson
- New introduction to Biko's I Write What I Like, by Lewis Gordon, 2007
- Steve Biko: The Black Consciousness Movement
- "No Fears Expressed: 6 Powerful Things Steve Biko Said"
- "BIKO: The Quest For A True Humanity", Apartheid Museum.
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| الحركات السياسية |
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| النقابات التجارية والحركات الاجتماعية | |||||||
| القانون | انظر قانون جنوب أفريقي | ||||||
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| الثقافة السياسية |
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