جچپوسپوليتا

جچپوسپوليتا الأولى (الكومنولث الپولندي-اللتواني)

جچپوسپوليتا ( Rzeczpospolita ؛ [ʐɛt​͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita] ( استمع)) هو الاسم الرسمي لپولندا واسم تقليدي لبعض الولايات السابقة لها. وهو اسم مركب من rzecz "شيء" و pospolita "مشترك/عمومي"، وهي تطور من اللاتينية rés pública (rés "الكيان" + pública "العمومي")، أي republic "جمهورية"، وبالإنگليزية تُكتب أيضاً commonwealth "كومنولث" (تاريخي) و republic "جمهورية" (حالياً).

في پولندا، كلمة rzeczpospolita تُستخدم حصرياً فيما يتعلق بجمهورية پولندا، بينما أي جمهورية أخرى يشار إليها في الپولندية بإسم republika، مثل الجمهورية الفرنسية – Republika Francuska.

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الأصول

The term rzeczpospolita has been used in Poland since the beginning of the 16th century. It was adapted for Poland, as it at that time had a unique republican system, similar to the former Roman rés pública. The famous quote by Jan Zamoyski, the Lord Chancellor of the Crown, on the importance of education is an example of its use:

Takie będą Rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie.

Such will be the Commonwealths as the upbringing of their youth.

— Jan Zamoyski، Foundation Act of the Academy of Zamość; 1600

The meaning of rzeczpospolita is well described by the term commonwealth. As a result, the literal meaning of Rzeczpospolita Polska is "Polish Commonwealth", or "Republic of Poland". Although the first Rzeczpospolita was an elective monarchy, the king had no real power, as most of the state affairs were regulated by the parliament and senate, known as the Sejm.

The Latin name for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is Rés Pública Poloniae.[بحاجة لمصدر]


"الجچپوسپوليتا پولسكا" الثلاث

Rzeczpospolita is also used in a series of symbolic names referring to three periods in the history of Poland:[أ]

استخدامات أخرى

Expressions that make use the concept of rzeczpospolita include:

  • Rzeczpospolita szlachecka – Republic of Nobles (szlachta), another name for the I Rzeczpospolita;
  • Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów – The Commonwealth of the Both Nations, another name for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth;
  • Rzeczpospolita BabińskaBabin Republic, a satirical literary society, founded by a group of nobles during the second half of the 16th century;
  • Rzeczpospolita KrakowskaFree City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków (1815–1846);
  • Rzeczpospolita ZakopiańskaRepublic of Zakopane, a short-lasting form of an independent state, established for about a month in October 1918;
  • Polska Rzeczpospolita LudowaPeople's Republic of Poland, a name used formally from 1952 to 1990; was often abbreviated to simply Rzeczpospolita Polska or PRL. Sometimes refers (wrongly) to the post-war period 1944–1952.
  • Czwarta RzeczpospolitaFourth Polish Republic, a slogan used by the political party Law and Justice.

Nowadays, the terms Rzeczpospolita and Rzeczpospolita Polska are used interchangeably, so far as they relate to the Polish state by default.

Before 1939, Rzeczpospolita was sometimes abbreviated to Rzplita in written documents, while RP is still a common abbreviation for Rzeczpospolita Polska.

The Lithuanian word Žečpospolita is a direct borrowing from Polish. The East Slavic equivalents of the name are: روسية: Речь Посполитая, romanized: Rječ Pospolitaja; أوكرانية: Річ Посполита, romanized: Rič Pospolyta; بالبيلاروسية: Рэч Паспалітая.

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ The above list is not a complete list of official titles for the Polish State throughout its history; it is a list of those which are referred to as a rzeczpospolita.

المراجع

  • "Polska. Historia. Trzecia Rzeczpospolita" (in البولندية). PWN online encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

وصلات خارجية