جيب لادو

Coordinates: 4°50′N 29°50′E / 4.833°N 29.833°E / 4.833; 29.833
جيب لادو
خريطة جيب لادو

جيب لادو Lado Enclave كان جيباً خارجياً تابع لدولة الكونغو الحرة ولاحقاً جزء من الكونغو البلجيكي، والذي تواجد من 1894 حتى 1910، وكان يقع على الضفة الغربية لأعالي نهر النيل في ما هو اليوم جنوب السودان وشمال غرب أوغندا.

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التاريخ

كانت تقليدياً أرض شعوب لوگبارا و كاكوا[1] و باري،[2] و مـُرو.[3] وقد أصبحت المنطقة جزءاً من المديرية الإستوائية المصرية، وزارها الأوروپيون لأول مرة في 1841/42، ثم أصبحت مركز تجارة عاج ورقيق.[4] لادو، كجزء من بحر الغزال، خضعت للسيطرة البريطانية وفي 1869 خلق السير صاموِل بيكر ادارة في المنطقة، مقرها في غوندوكورو، وأخمدت تجارة الرقيق وفتحت المنطقة للتجارة.[5]

تشارلز جورج گوردون خلـَف بيكر كحاكم على المديرية الإستوائية في 1874 and noting the unhealthy climate of Gondokoro, moved the administrative centre downstream to a spot he called Lado,[6] laying the town out in the pattern of an Indian cantonment, with short, wide and straight streets, and shady trees.[7] Gordon made the development of primary industry in Lado a priority, with the start of commercial farming of cotton, sesame and durra and the introduction of livestock farming.[8] Although Gordon stationed over three hundred soldiers throughout the region[9] his efforts to consolidate British control over area were unsuccessful and when he resigned as governor in 1876, only Lado and the few garrison settlements along the Nile could be considered administered.[10]

أمين باشا was appointed as governor to replace Gordon and began to build up the region's defences and developed Lado into a modern town, founding a mosque, Koranic school and a hospital, so by 1881 Lado boasted a population of over 5000 tokuls (round mud huts common to the region).[11]

Russian explorer Wilhelm Junker arrived in the Lado area in 1884, fleeing the Mahdist uprising in the Sudan, and made it his base for his further explorations of the region.[12] Junker wrote complimentarily of Lado town, in particular its brick buildings and neat streets.[12]

During the Mahdist rule of the region, Lado was allowed to fall into disuse but Rejaf was made into a penal settlement.[13]


الديمغرافيا

الصحة

الكابتن هاري رانكن أُرسِل إلى جيب لادو في 1911 و 1914

Tsetse flies were common in the enclave and African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), the medical condition that can occur as a result of a tstetse fly bite, led to a number of fatal cases recorded in the enclave.[14]

Malaria was the most common disease in the region, with about 80 per cent of the sickness in the neighboring Bahr El Ghazal due to malaria.[15] Those suffering from malaria also faced Blackwater fever,[16] whereby red blood cells burst in the bloodstream, releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure.

Captain Harry Ranken, who would in World War I be awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry, was posted to the enclave in 1911 and 1914 as a member of the Sudan Sleeping Sickness Commission, where he was based in Yei and researched methods of treatment for sleeping sickness and yaws.[17] He was due to return to the enclave in 1915 to complete his research but died from shrapnel wounds in France while serving on the front line.[17]

قادة الجيب من دولة الكونغو الحرة وبلجيكا

From To Name Comments
17 February 1897 November 1897 Louis Napoléon Chaltin
November 1897 15 December 1898 Léon Charles Edouard Hanolet
15 December 1898 1 May 1900 Jean Baptiste Josué Henry de la Lindi
1 May 1900 March 1902 Louis Napoléon Chaltin (Second time)
December 1901 August 1903 Captain Léon Charles Edouard Hanolet (Second time)[18]
January 1903 24 March 1904 Commissaire General Georges François Wtterwulghe Died at Yei on 8 May 1904.[18]
24 March 1904 1904 Commandant Florian Alexandre François Wacquez Acting for Wtterwulghe to 8 May 1904.[18]
1904 May 1907 Ferdinand, baron de Rennette de Villers-Perwin Acting to August 1906

قادة جيب لادو:

  • 1900 – January 1903: Gustave Ferdinand Joseph Renier (s.a.)
  • January 1903 – August 1903: Albéric Constantin Édouard Bruneel
  • August 1903 – March 1905: Henri Laurent Serexhe
  • March 1905 – January 1908: Guillaume Léopold Olaerts
  • January 1908 – April 1909: Léon Néstor Preud'homme
  • April 1909 – 1910: Alexis Bertrand
  • 1910 – June 1910: Charles Eugène Édouard de Meulenaer


انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Middleton, p. 11.
  2. ^ Gleichen, p. 79.
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة s277
  4. ^ Canby, p. 497.
  5. ^ "Sir Samuel White Baker" (2013) Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1.
  6. ^ Middleton, pp. 169–170.
  7. ^ Gray, p. 108.
  8. ^ Cohen, p. 1660.
  9. ^ Gleichen, p. 235.
  10. ^ Flint, p. 143.
  11. ^ Gray, pp. 140–141.
  12. ^ أ ب Middleton, p. 300.
  13. ^ Gleichen, p. 262.
  14. ^ Gleichen, p. 159.
  15. ^ Gleichen, p. 157.
  16. ^ Gleichen, p. 167.
  17. ^ أ ب "The Late Captain R.S. Ranken, V.C.", The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2815, 12 December 1914, p. 1049.
  18. ^ أ ب ت Gleichen, p. 279.

المصادر

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  • Cohen, S. (1998) The Columbia Gazeeter of the World, Columbia University Press: New York. ISBN 0 231 11040 5.
  • Collins, R.O. (1960) "The transfer of the Lado Enclave to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1910", Zaïre: revue congolaise, Vol. 14, Issues 2-3.
  • Decker, A.C. (2014) In Idi Amin’s Shadow : Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda, Ohio University Press: Athens, Ohio. ISBN 9780821445020.
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  • Gleichen, A.E.W. (ed.) (1905) The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium prepared by officers of the Sudan Government, Harbisons & Sons: London.
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  • Hemingway, E. (1999) True at First Light, Scribner: New York. ISBN 0 7432 4176 2.
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  • Lake, M. (2006) Memory, monuments and museums, Melbourne University Press: Melbourne. ISBN 9 780 52285250 9.
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  • Moorehead, A. (1960) The White Nile, Dell: New York.
  • Oliver, R. & Sanderson, G.N. (1985) The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6: From 1870 to 1960, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-228034.
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  • Smith, W. (2011) Elephant Song, Pan Books: London. ISBN 978 0 330 46708 7.
  • Stenger, S.J. (1969) "The Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo before 1910", in Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960, vol. 1, (ed. Gavin, L.H. & Duignan, P.) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-07373-1.
  • Taylor, A.J.P. (1950) "Prelude to Fashoda: The Question of the Upper Nile, 1894-5", The English Historical Review, Vol. 65, No. 254, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
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4°50′N 29°50′E / 4.833°N 29.833°E / 4.833; 29.833

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