ثروة

وليد حلمي شحاتة
ساهم بشكل رئيسي في تحرير هذا المقال

الثروة Wealth، تشير إلى الشيء الثمين مادياً أو معنوياً. تعد الثروات من أساسات قيام الأمم وبقائها. الثروات المعنوية مثل القراءة والتعليم وغيرها.

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الكم العالمي

Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse
World regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018

The wealth of households worldwide amounts to US$280 trillion (2017). According to the eighth edition of the Global Wealth Report, in the year to mid-2017, total global wealth rose at a rate of 6.4%, the fastest pace since 2012 and reached US$280 trillion, a gain of US$16.7 trillion. This reflected widespread gains in equity markets matched by similar rises in non-financial assets, which moved above the pre-crisis year 2007's level for the first time this year. Wealth growth also outpaced population growth, so that global mean wealth per adult grew by 4.9% and reached a new record high of US$56,540 per adult. Tim Harford has asserted that a small child has greater wealth than the 2 billion poorest people in the world combined, since a small child has no debt.[1]

According to the 2021 global wealth report by McKinsey & Company, the worldwide total net worth is currently at US$514 trillion in 2020, with China being the wealthiest nation with net worth of US$120 trillion.[2][3][4] Another report, by Credit Suisse in 2021, suggests the total wealth of the US exceeded that of China, US$126.3 trillion to US$74.9 trillion.[5]


التحليل الاقتصادي

من المتفق عليه أن التجاريين كانوا يعلقون أهمية كبرى على الثروة، ويعدون وفرتها أساس قوة الدولة ومحرك نشاط الفرد. كما كانوا يؤكدون أن سعي الفرد وراء الثروة من شأنه أن يحقق له السعادة من جهة أولى، كما يساعد في اغتناء الآخرين وضمان قوة الدولة من جهة ثانية. ويقصد التجاريون بالثروة المعادن الثمينة من الذهب والفضة

أجمع أنصار النظرية التجارية على أنّ الثروة هي القيمة العليا في المجتمع كما أجمعوا على أنها تكمن في توافر المعادن الثمينة كالذهب والفضة.

زيادة الثروة بأحد طريقين: استثمار مناجم الذهب والفضة إذا كانت متوافرة في الدولة ومنع خروج هذين المعدنين من البلاد أو تنشيط التجارة الخارجية والتصدير من السلع والخدمات بقيمة تزيد على القيم التي يشتريها البلد من الخارج، أي تحقيق ميزان تجاري رابح يحقق فائضاً يتم تسديده بالمعادن الثمينة.

الثروة والطبقة الاجتماعية

Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021
Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017

Social class is not identical to wealth, but the two concepts are related (particularly in Marxist theory),[6] leading to the concept of socioeconomic status. Wealth at the individual or household level refers to value of everything a person or family owns, including personal property and financial assets.[7]

In both Marxist and Weberian theory, class is divided into upper, middle, and lower, with each further subdivided (e.g., upper middle class).[6]

The upper class are schooled to maintain their wealth and pass it to future generations.[8]

The middle class views wealth as something for emergencies and it is seen as more of a cushion. This class comprises people that were raised with families that typically owned their own home, planned ahead and stressed the importance of education and achievement. They earn a significant income and consume many things, typically limiting their savings and investments to retirement pensions and home ownership.[8] Below the middle class, the working class and poor have the least amount of wealth, with circumstances discouraging accumulation of assets.[8]

توزيع الثروة

المقالة الرئيسية: توزيع الثروة
Though the 10th percentile of American households have zero net worth, the 90th percentile has $1.6 million of household wealth.[9]
Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.[10]
Median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.[11]

Although precise data are not available, the total household wealth in the world, excluding the value of human capital, has been estimated at $418.3 trillion (US$418.3×1012) at the end of the year 2020.[12] For 2018, the World Bank estimated the value of the world's produced capital, natural capital, and human capital to be $1,152 trillion.[13] According to the Kuznets curve, inequality of wealth and income increases during the early phases of economic development, stabilizes and then becomes more equitable.

اعتبارا من 2008, about 90% of global wealth is distributed in North America, Europe, and "rich Asia-Pacific" countries,[14] and in 2008, 1% of adults were estimated to hold 40% of world wealth, a number which falls to 32% when adjusted for purchasing power parity.[15] According to Richard H Ropers, the concentration of wealth in the United States is "inequitably distributed".[16]

In 2013, 1% of adults were estimated to hold 46% of world wealth[17] and around $18.5 trillion was estimated to be stored in tax havens worldwide.[18]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Global Wealth Report." Archived يوليو 11, 2019 at the Wayback Machine (October 18, 2018). Credit Suisse Research Institute. Credit-Suisse.com. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  2. ^ "Global wealth surges as China overtakes US to grab top spot: McKinsey report". The Straits Times. November 15, 2021.
  3. ^ "Global Wealth Surges as China Overtakes U.S. to Grab Top Spot". Bloomberg. November 14, 2021.
  4. ^ "China overtakes US as world's richest nation as global wealth surges". India Today. November 16, 2021.
  5. ^ "Research Institute: Global wealth report 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  6. ^ أ ب Grant, J. Andrew (2001). "class, definition of". In Jones, R.J. Barry (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries A–F. Taylor & Francis. p. 161. ISBN 978-0415243506.
  7. ^ Team, The Investopedia. "Wealth Definition". Investopedia (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  8. ^ أ ب ت Sherraden, Michael. Assets and the Poor: A New American Welfare Policy. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991.
  9. ^ Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). "The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 2 (Table 1). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.
  10. ^ Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). "The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.
  11. ^ Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). "The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2024.
  12. ^ "The Global Wealth Report". Credit Suisse.
  13. ^ The Changing Wealth of Nations, 2021. World Bank Group. October 27, 2021. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1590-4. hdl:10986/36400. ISBN 978-1-4648-1590-4. S2CID 244394817.
  14. ^ James B. Davies, Susanna Sandström, Anthony Shorrocks, and Edward N. Wolff. (2008). The World Distribution of Household Wealth, p8 Archived أكتوبر 16, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. UNU-WIDER.
  15. ^ James B. Davies, Susanna Sandström, Anthony Shorrocks, and Edward N. Wolff. (2008). The World Distribution of Household Wealth Archived أكتوبر 16, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. UNU-WIDER.
  16. ^ Ropers, Richard H, Ph.D. Persistent Poverty: The American Dream Turned Nightmare. New York: Insight Books, 1991.
  17. ^ "Global Wealth Report 2013". Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  18. ^ "Tax on the 'private' billions now stashed away in havens enough to end extreme world poverty twice over". Oxfam International. May 22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
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