تون‌تون ماكوت

تون‌تون ماكوت
متطوعو الأمن القومي; Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale; Tonton Macoute; Tonton Makout
استعراض منظمة شبه عسكرية
تشكلت	1959
الوكالات السابقة	Cagoulards; Milice Civile;
انحلت	1986
agency اللاحقة	Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations;
الاختصاص	هايتي
المقر الرئيسي	پورت-أو-پرنس
تنفيذي منظمة شبه عسكريةs	Clément Barbot; Luckner Cambronne; Roger Lafontant;
منظمة شبه عسكرية الأم	PUN
مميز الوكالة	VSN

تون‌تون ماكوت (Tonton Macoute ؛ Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)^[1]^[2]^[3] أو ببساطة الماكوت^[4]^[5] كانت وحدة عمليات خاصة ضمن القوة شبه عسكرية في هايتي ، أنشأها في 1959 الديكتاتور فرانسوا "پاپا دوك" دوڤالييه. في 1970 تغير اسم الميليشيا إلى Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale (VSN، متطوعو الأمن القومي).^[6] الشعب الهايتي أسمى تلك القوة على اسم البعبع في أساطير هايتي، تون‌تون ماكوت ("العم الحامل لكيس خيش")، الذي يخطف ويعاقب الأطفال الأشقياء باصطيادهم في كيس خيش (فرنسية: macoute) ويأخذهم ليلتهمهم في وجبة الإفطار.^[7]^[8]

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التاريخ

پاپا دوك دوڤالييه أنشأ تون‌تون ماكوت لأنه ارتآى أن العسكر سيشكلوا خطراً على سلطته.

التمثيل في الإعلام

The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988), a horror film directed by Wes Craven, loosely based on the book of the same name, deals with Haitian Vodou and Duvalierist political repression.

انظر أيضاً

عمومي

الهامش

^ Taylor, Patrick (1992). "Anthropology and Theology in Pursuit of Justice". Callaloo. 15 (3): 811–823. doi:10.2307/2932023. ISSN 0161-2492. JSTOR 2932023. After François Duvalier was elected president with popular support in 1957, he created his own security force because he did not trust the army. (Its popular name, tonton makout, is taken from a tale about an uncle who carries off children in a bag on his shoulder.)
^ Bernat, J. Christopher (1999). "Children and the Politics of Violence in Haitian Context: Statist violence, scarcity and street child agency in Port-au-Prince" (PDF). Critique of Anthropology. 19 (2): 121–122. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.623.758. doi:10.1177/0308275X9901900202. ISSN 0308-275X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Assisted by contemporary factions of the notorious tonton makout – the rightist, army-supported civilian death squads – Cedras completed what would turn out to be the bloodiest coup d'etat in recent Haitian history.
^ Fouron, Georges E. (2009). "2. Leaving Home § 4. 'I, Too, Want to Be a Big Man': The Making of a Haitian 'Boat People'". In Okpewho, Isidore; Nzegwu, Nkiru (eds.). The New African Diaspora. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-253-35337-5. LCCN 2009005961. OCLC 503473672. OL 23165011M. The strength of his government was invested in a non-salaried paramilitary civilian militia known as the Tonton Makout (Uncle Knapsack). Staffed by informers, spies, bullies, neighbourhood bosses and extortionists, the Makout freely used extreme violence, terror, and intimidation to cow the population out of all illusions of destabilising the regime.
^ Fass, Simon M. (1988). "Schooling". Political Economy in Haiti: The Drama of Survival. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-88738-158-4. LCCN 87-25532. OCLC 16804468. OL 4977156W. Retrieved 22 سبتمبر 2015.
^ Danticat, Edwidge (1994). Breath, Eyes, Memory (in الإنجليزية and الكريولية الهايتية). Vol. 16. New York: Soho Press. ISBN 978-1-56947-142-5. LCCN 94-38568. OCLC 29254512. OL 1806978W. Retrieved 22 سبتمبر 2015.
^ "The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015.
^ Filan, Kenaz (2007). "1.2. The Roots of Haitian Vodou". The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-59477-995-4. LCCN 2006028676. OCLC 748396065. OL 8992653W.
^ Sprague, Jeb (2012). "1. A History of Political Violence against the Poor § The Blood-Soaked Record of the Duvaliers". Paramilitarism and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-58367-303-4. LCCN 2012015221. OCLC 828494729. OL 16618213W.

وصلات خارجية

De la Cova, Antonio Rafael (2011). "Tonton Macoute Militia: Photos". Latin American Studies. Haiti. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015.
26th Anniversary of the Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale at YouTube

[Taylor_1992-1] Taylor, Patrick (1992). "Anthropology and Theology in Pursuit of Justice". Callaloo. 15 (3): 811–823. doi:10.2307/2932023. ISSN 0161-2492. JSTOR 2932023. After François Duvalier was elected president with popular support in 1957, he created his own security force because he did not trust the army. (Its popular name, tonton makout, is taken from a tale about an uncle who carries off children in a bag on his shoulder.)

[Bernat_1999-2] Bernat, J. Christopher (1999). "Children and the Politics of Violence in Haitian Context: Statist violence, scarcity and street child agency in Port-au-Prince" (PDF). Critique of Anthropology. 19 (2): 121–122. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.623.758. doi:10.1177/0308275X9901900202. ISSN 0308-275X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Assisted by contemporary factions of the notorious tonton makout – the rightist, army-supported civilian death squads – Cedras completed what would turn out to be the bloodiest coup d'etat in recent Haitian history.

[Fouron_2009-3] Fouron, Georges E. (2009). "2. Leaving Home § 4. 'I, Too, Want to Be a Big Man': The Making of a Haitian 'Boat People'". In Okpewho, Isidore; Nzegwu, Nkiru (eds.). The New African Diaspora. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-253-35337-5. LCCN 2009005961. OCLC 503473672. OL 23165011M. The strength of his government was invested in a non-salaried paramilitary civilian militia known as the Tonton Makout (Uncle Knapsack). Staffed by informers, spies, bullies, neighbourhood bosses and extortionists, the Makout freely used extreme violence, terror, and intimidation to cow the population out of all illusions of destabilising the regime.

[Fass_1988-4] Fass, Simon M. (1988). "Schooling". Political Economy in Haiti: The Drama of Survival. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-88738-158-4. LCCN 87-25532. OCLC 16804468. OL 4977156W. Retrieved 22 سبتمبر 2015.

[Danticat_1994-5] Danticat, Edwidge (1994). Breath, Eyes, Memory (in الإنجليزية and الكريولية الهايتية). Vol. 16. New York: Soho Press. ISBN 978-1-56947-142-5. LCCN 94-38568. OCLC 29254512. OL 1806978W. Retrieved 22 سبتمبر 2015.

[COHA-6] "The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015.

[Filan_2007-7] Filan, Kenaz (2007). "1.2. The Roots of Haitian Vodou". The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-59477-995-4. LCCN 2006028676. OCLC 748396065. OL 8992653W.

[Sprague_2012-8] Sprague, Jeb (2012). "1. A History of Political Violence against the Poor § The Blood-Soaked Record of the Duvaliers". Paramilitarism and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-58367-303-4. LCCN 2012015221. OCLC 828494729. OL 16618213W.

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