تورامانا

لمعلومات عن اسم شخصي لذكر تركي، انظر تورامان.
تورامانا
حاكم هون الخان
Toramana portrait and initials Tora.jpg
پورتريه لتورمانا والحروف الأولى بكتابة گوپتا Gupta allahabad to.jpgGupta ashoka r.svg تورا، من عملة برونزية صكها.[1]
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مواقع لقى النقوش الخطية التي تبين السيطرة المحلية لتورامانا.[2]
العهد493-515
سبقهمهاما
تبعهمهراكولا

تورامانا Toramana ويُدعى أيضاً تورامانا شاهي جاوڤلا[3] (كتابة گوپتا: Gupta allahabad to.jpgGupta allahabad r.svgGupta allahabad maa2.jpgGupta allahabad nn.svg Toramāṇa,[4] حكم حوالي 493-515 م) كان ملك هون الخان الذي حكم في شمال الهند في أواخر القرن الخامس ومطلع القرن السادس الميلادي.[5] استجمع تورامانا سلطات الهفتال في پنجاب (پاكستان الحالية وشمال غرب الهند)، وأخضع شمال ووسط الهند، بما في ذلك إران في ماديا پرادش. استخدم تورامانا لقب "ملك الملوك العظيم" (مهاراجادي‌راجا Gupta allahabad m.svgGupta ashoka haa.jpgGupta allahabad raa.jpgGupta allahabad j.svgGupta allahabad dhi.jpgGupta allahabad raa.jpgGupta allahabad j.svg), المكافئ لـ "إمبراطور"،[6] في نقوشه، مثل نقش حلوف إران.[7]

نقش سانجلي لتورامانا يتحدث عن فتوحاته وسيطرته على ملوة وگجرات. كما ضمت أراضيه أتر پردش وراجستان و كشمير.[8] ولعله توسع حتى كوسامبي، حيث عـُثِر على أحد أختامه.

حسب نقش ريستال، المُكتشـَف في 1983، فقد هزمه ملك الأوليكارا، پراكاشادارما من ملوة.[9][10]

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استعراض

تورامانا معروف من راجاترنگيني، ومن العملات والنقوش.


نقش الپنجاب

عـُثِر على نقش في كورا في سلسلة جبال الملح يسجل إنشاء دير بوذي بإشراف شخص يُدعى Rotta Siddhavriddhi during the reign of the هونا ruler Toramana. The donor expresses the wish that the religious merit gained by his gift be shared by him with the king and his family members.[11] في نقش خورا (495-500، من سلسلة جبال الملح في الپنجاب والآن في لاهور)، يتخذ تورامانا الألقاب الملكية الهندية بالإضافة إلى تلك من آسيا الوسطى: Rājādhirāja Mahārāja Toramāṇa Shahi Jauvla.[3][12][13] Among which Shahi is considered to be his Title and Jauvla being an epithet or Biruda. This is a Buddhist record in hybrid Sanskrit, recording the gift of a monastery (vihāra) to members of the Mahīśāsaka school.[14][15]

نقش كورا من تورامانا. يبدأ "في العهد الميمون لملك الملوك، الملك العظيم تورامانا شاهي جاوه‌خا...".[16][17] "تورامانا" (Toramana in the Kura inscription of Toramana (1st line).jpg كتابة گوپتا: Gupta allahabad to.jpgGupta allahabad r.svgGupta allahabad maa2.jpgGupta allahabad nn.svg تورامانا، يظهر في السطر الأول من النقش

نقش گوالي‌أور لمهراكولا

نقش گوالي‌أور لمهراكولا الذي يؤبن تورمانا.
المقالة الرئيسية: نقش گوالي‌أور لمهراكولا

في نقش گوالي‌أور لمهراكولا، من گوالي‌أور in northern Madhya Pradesh, India, and written in Sanskrit, Toramana is described as:

"A ruler of [the earth], of great merit, who was renowned by the name of the glorious Tôramâna; by whom, through (his) heroism that was specially characterized by truthfulness, the earth was governed with justice."

نقش حلوف إران

المقالة الرئيسية: نقش حلوف إران لتورامانا
حلوف إران (يسار) on which an inscription relating to Toramana can be found.
نقش حلوف إران.

نقش حلوف إران (في إران, Malwa, 540 كم جنوب نيودلهي، ولاية ماديا پرادش) of his first regnal year indicates that eastern Malwa was included in his dominion. The Eran Boar inscription was erected in honor of the deity Vishnu as his avatar, Varaha.

Om ! Victorious is the god (Vishnu), who has the form of a Boar; who, in the act of lifting up the earth {out of the waters}, caused the mountains to tremble with the blows of {his} hard snout ; {and) who is the pillar {for the support) of the great house which is the three worlds !

— نقش حلوف إران

The statue is of the deity in form of a boar, with engravings display it protecting rishis and upholding Dharma. Additionally, the statue contains Sanskrit inscriptions inscribed on the neck of the boar, in 8 lines of in Brahmi script. It also records the building of the temple in which the current Varaha image stands, by Dhanyavishnu, the younger brother of the deceased Maharaja Matrivishnu.[18] The first line of the inscription, made after 484/85 CE mentions the "Maharajadhiraja Toramana" ("The great king of king Toramana")[2] and reads:

"في السنة الأولى من عهد ملك الملوك سري-تورامانا، الذي حكم العالم بعظمة وإشراق...."

— نقش حلوف إران.[19]

اجتياح كوسامبي

The presence of seals in the name of "Toramana" and "Hunaraja" in Kausambi, suggests that the city was probably sacked by the Alkhons under Toramana in 497–500.[2][20][21][22]

الهزائم

Coin of Toramana. The initials Gupta allahabad to.jpgGupta ashoka r.svg "Tora" in Brahmi script appear in large letters on the reverse, under the solar wheel design.[23][24]
A rare gold coin of Toramana with Lakshmi on the reverse (circa 490–515), inspired from contemporary Gupta coins, such as those of Narasimhagupta Baladitya. The obverse legend reads "avanipati torama(no) vijitya vasudham divam jayati": "The lord of the earth, Toramana, having conquered the earth, wins Heaven".[25][26]
Inscription Gupta allahabad m.svgGupta ashoka haa.jpgGupta allahabad raa.jpgGupta allahabad j.svgGupta allahabad dhi.jpgGupta allahabad raa.jpgGupta allahabad j.svgGupta allahabad shrii.jpgGupta allahabad to.jpgGupta allahabad r.svgGupta allahabad maa2.jpgGupta allahabad nn.svg Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Toramāṇa ("Great King of Kings, Lord Toramana"), in the Gupta script, in the Eran boar inscription.[7]
Silver coin of Toramana in Western Gupta Empire style, with the Gupta peacock and Brahmi legend on the reverse: vijitavaniravanipati sri toramana divam jayati. Similar to the silver coin type of Skandagupta for example, although Toramana faces to left whether Gupta rulers faced to the right, a possible symbol of antagonism.[27] On the obverse the date "52" is also inscribed.[28] A modern image: [1].

قالب:Alchon Huns According to the Rishtal stone-slab inscription, discovered in 1983, the Aulikara king Prakashadharma of Malwa defeated him in 515 CE.[9][2]

Toramana may also have been defeated by the Indian Emperor Bhanugupta of the Gupta Empire in 510 A.D. according to the Eran inscription, although the "great battle" to which Bhanagupta participated is not explicited.[29][30][31]

A few silver coins of Toramana closely followed the Gupta silver coins. The only difference in the obverse is that the king's head is turned to the left. The reverse retains the fantailed peacock and the legend is almost similar, except the change of name to Toramana Deva.[32][33]

A Jaina work of the 8th century, the Kuvalayamala states that he lived in Pavvaiya on the bank of the Chandrabhaga and enjoyed the sovereignty of the world.[34]


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خليفته

تورامانا خلـَفه ابنه مهراكولا.[35]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ ALRAM, MICHAEL (2003). "Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 180, Figure 11. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049314.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Hans Bakker 24th Gonda lecture
  3. ^ أ ب Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas (in الإنجليزية). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
  4. ^ Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. p. 162.
  5. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 70-71. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  6. ^ "the Huna emperor Toramana" in Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas (in الإنجليزية). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 251. ISBN 9788120805927.
  7. ^ أ ب Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. pp. 158–161.
  8. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 142. ISBN 8120815408. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
  9. ^ أ ب Ojha, N.K. (2001). The Aulikaras of Central India: History and Inscriptions, Chandigarh: Arun Publishing House, ISBN 81-85212-78-3, pp.48-50
  10. ^ Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 27. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
  11. ^ Upinder Singh (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780674981287.
  12. ^ Katariya, Adesh (2007-11-25). Ancient History of Central Asia: Yuezhi origin Royal Peoples: Kushana, Huna, Gurjar and Khazar Kingdoms (in الإنجليزية). Adesh Katariya.
  13. ^ Gupta, Parmanand (1977). Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions (in الإنجليزية). Concept Publishing Company.
  14. ^ "Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database | IN00101 Khura Inscription of Toramana" (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  15. ^ Burgess (1892). Epigraphia Indica Vol 1. Archaeological Society of India. pp. 238–245.
  16. ^ Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History (in الإنجليزية). Barkhuis. pp. 326–327. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
  17. ^ Burgess, James (1898). Epigraphia Indica Vol.1. pp. 238–241.
  18. ^ خطأ: الوظيفة "harvard_core" غير موجودة.
  19. ^ Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
  20. ^ Indian History, Allied Publishers p.81
  21. ^ Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D., by Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha p.70
  22. ^ Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals, by Parmanand Gupta p.175
  23. ^ ALRAM, MICHAEL (2003). "Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 180, Figure 11. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049314.
  24. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 (in الإنجليزية). UNESCO. p. 175. ISBN 9789231032110.
  25. ^ CNG Coins
  26. ^ The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, October 2015.
  27. ^ Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest (in الإنجليزية). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 45 Note 1. ISBN 9788120804043.
  28. ^ Smith, Vincent Arthur; Edwardes, S. M. (Stephen Meredyth) (1924). The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2.
  29. ^ Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, by Om Prakash Misra p.7
  30. ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S. B. Bhattacherje A15
  31. ^ The Classical Age by R.K. Pruthi p.262
  32. ^ Gupta, P.L. (2000). Coins, New Delhi: National Book Trust, ISBN 81-237-1887-X, p.78
  33. ^ The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon p.661, with photograph
  34. ^ Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). Ancient India, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, ISBN 81-219-0887-6, p.519
  35. ^ "Gwalior Stone Inscription of Mihirakula" (PDF). Project South Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 أغسطس 2011. Retrieved 5 أبريل 2009.
سبقه
خنگيلا الأول 		ملك هون الخان تبعه
مهراكولا
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