توبولسك

Coordinates: 58°12′N 68°16′E / 58.200°N 68.267°E / 58.200; 68.267
توبولسك
Тобольск
Town[1]
كرملين توبولسك
كرملين توبولسك
علم توبولسك
Flag
درع توبولسك
Coat of arms
النشيد: none[2]
Location of توبولسك
توبولسك is located in روسيا
توبولسك
توبولسك
Location of توبولسك
توبولسك is located in أوبلاست تيومن
توبولسك
توبولسك
توبولسك (أوبلاست تيومن)
الإحداثيات: 58°12′N 68°16′E / 58.200°N 68.267°E / 58.200; 68.267
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديTyumen Oblast[1]
FoundedJune 14,[بحاجة لمصدر] 1587[3][4]
Town status since1590[3]
الحكومة
 • الكيانTown Duma[5]
 • Head[5]Vladimir Mazur[6]
المساحة
[4]
 • الإجمالي221٫98 كم² (85٫71 ميل²)
المنسوب
90 m (300 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • الإجمالي99٬694
 • Estimate 
(2018)
98٬998 (−0٫7%)
 • الترتيب165th in 2010
 • الكثافة450/km2 (1٬200/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toTown of Tobolsk[1]
 • Capital ofمقاطعة توبولسكي[1], Town of Tobolsk[1]
 • Urban okrugTobolsk Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofTobolsk Urban Okrug[8], Tobolsky Municipal District[8]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([9])
Postal code(s)[10]
626111, 626147, 626148, 626150–626153, 626155–626159
Dialing code(s)+7 3456
OKTMO ID71710000001
Town DayLast Sunday of June[11]
الموقع الإلكترونيtobolsk.admtyumen.ru

توبولسك (روسية: Тобо́льск؛ إنگليزية: Tobolsk) هي بلدة في اوبلاست تيومن، روسيا، وتقع عند التقاء نهري توبول و إرتيش. وهي العاصمة التاريخية لـسيبريا. تعداد السكان: 99,694 (تعداد 2010);[7] 92,880 (تعداد 2002);[12] 94,143 (تعداد 1989).[13]

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التاريخ

فتح خانية سيبير

In 1580, a group of Yermak Timofeyevich's Cossacks initiated the Russian conquest of Siberia, pushing eastwards on behalf of the Tsardom of Russia. They attacked the Vogul (Mansi) and Ostyak (Khanty) peoples in Yugra, and had also captured a tax collector of Kuchum Khan, the king of the large Tatar Khanate of Sibir, the most powerful force in the western Siberia region on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains. At the time the Voguls and Ostyaks were subjects of Kuchum, and in response the Tatars carried out retaliation attacks against the Cossacks.

After a year of Tatar attacks, Yermak prepared for the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir and a campaign to take the Khanate's capital city, Qashliq. The Cossacks conquered the city on 26 October 1582, sending Kuchum into retreat. Despite the conquest, Kuchum regrouped his remaining forces and formed a new army, launching a surprise attack on 6 August 1584, killing Yermak. There were a series of battles over Qashliq, and it passed between Tatar and Cossack control, before the city was finally abandoned in 1588. Kuchum was eventually defeated by the Cossacks in 1598 at the Battle of Urmin near the River Ob, ending the Khanate of Sibir. The Russians had established control over the western Siberia region.

تأسيس توبولسك والعهد الروسي الامبراطوري

خريطة من "كتاب رسم سيبيريا" الذي كتبه سيميون رميزوڤ، سنة 1701.
توبولسك في 1750

تأسست توبولسك في 1590 على يد مجموعة من قوزاق يرماك بقيادة دانييل گريگورييڤتش چولكوڤ  ( ru ) بالقرب من أطلال قشليق، التي دُمِّرت بالكامل عبر سنين من القتال.[14] Tobolsk would become the center of the conquest.[15] To the north Beryozovo (1593) and Mangazeya (1600-01) were built to bring the Nenets under tribute, while to the east Surgut (1594) and Tara (1594) were established to protect Tobolsk and subdue the ruler of the Narym Ostiaks. Of these settlements, Mangazeya was the most prominent, and it was used as a base for further exploration eastward.[16]

The new city of Tobolsk was the second Russian town founded in Siberia after Tyumen, and was named after the Tobol River. It was situated at its confluence with the Irtysh River, where the Irtysh turns from flowing westward to flowing northward.[17] Tobolsk quickly grew based on the importance of the Siberian river routes, and prospered on trade with China to the east and with Bukhara to the south.

In 1708, Tobolsk was designated as the capital of the newly established Siberia Governorate; the first school, theater, and newspaper in Siberia were founded here. During the Great Northern War, soldiers of the defeated Swedish army at Battle of Poltava in 1709 were sent in large numbers as prisoners of war to Tobolsk. The Swedes numbered about 25% of the total population and were popular among locals for their contributions to the city. A building of the Tobolsk Kremlin was named the Swedish Chamber in their honor. Many of them were not repatriated until the 1720s, while some of them settled permanently in Tobolsk.

In 1719, Russian authorities began administrative reforms that resulted in Tobolsk's political importance declining as the Siberia Governorate's massive territory was gradually decentralized. New provinces were organized or territory was transferred to other governorates. By 1782, Siberia Governorate was abolished and its remaining area split into two viceroyalties, with Tobolsk becoming the capital of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty. In 1796, Tobolsk became the capital of Tobolsk Governorate, and remained the seat of the Governor-General of Western Siberia until the seat was moved to Omsk in the 1820s or 1830s. Acknowledging the authority of Tobolsk, many Western Siberian towns including Omsk, Tyumen, and Tomsk, had their original coat of arms display the Tobolsk insignia, which Omsk continues to honor اعتبارا من 2015. After the Decembrist Revolt in 1825, some of the Decembrists deported to Siberia settled in Tobolsk. In the 1890s the importance of Tobolsk declined further after the Trans-Siberian Railway line between Tyumen and Omsk bypassed the city to the south.

منظر توبولسك في ع1910

In the early 1900s Tobolsk was noted as the administrative center of home province of Grigori Rasputin, a faith healer who had great influence with the Romanov Imperial Family. It is located close to his birthplace Pokrovskoye. The town was also famous for confectionery companies run by Karelian immigrants.

العهد السوڤيتي

In March 1917, the February Revolution forced the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ending the Russian Empire. In August the new Provisional Government evacuated the imperial family and their retinue to Tobolsk to live in the former house of the Governor-General. With the October Revolution three months later, the Russian Civil War began, and the Bolsheviks quickly came to power in Tobolsk. After troops of the opposing White Army approached the city in the spring of 1918, the Bolsheviks moved the imperial family west to Yekaterinburg. They were executed there in July 1918, together with several of their retainers.

Following the Bolshevik victory and the formation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, administrative reforms in 1920 resulted in the abolition of Tobolsk Governorate and the end of 218 years of Tobolsk serving as a provincial capital. Instead, the city became the administrative center of its own uyezd (county), Tobolsky District, in the new Tyumen Province. From 1921 to 1922, Tobolsk was a site of massive anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings across Western Siberia by peasants associated with the Green Army. On November 3, 1923, the city became part of Ural Oblast; on January 7, 1932, it was transferred to Omsk Oblast. From January 17, 1934, the city was part of Obsko-Irtysh Oblast, until it was abolished on December 7 that year and transferred to Omsk Oblast. On August 14, 1944, Tobolsk was transferred to Tyumen Oblast.

A 2004 American book said a 1982 explosion in Toblosk was caused by CIA sabotage. A former KGB officer said that the explosion was caused by improper installation.[18] On July 10, 1987, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city of Tobolsk was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour.

التاريخ الحديث

On November 4, 1996, Tobolsk became an independent city with town status when it was separated from Tobolsky District by the Tyumen Oblast Duma.

In 2013, Tobolsk-Polymer opened the largest polypropylene production facility in Russia as part of an initiative to create a large petrochemical complex in the city. Tobolsk has also become a popular location for tourism in Siberia due to its historical importance, architecture, and natural landscapes. It is an important educational center of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the seat of Tobolsk Diocese, the first Orthodox diocese in Siberia.

الوضع الاداري والبلدي

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tobolsk serves as the administrative center of Tobolsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with one urban-type settlement, incorporated separately as the Town of Tobolsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the Town of Tobolsk is incorporated as Tobolsk Urban Okrug.[8]

الاقتصاد

توبولسك-نفتى‌خيم. المرحلة الأولى من الوحدة المركزية لتكسير الغاز (واحدة من أكبر الوحدات بالعالم.[19])

The economy of modern Tobolsk centers on a major oil refinery and the petrochemical industry. Some traditional crafts, such as bone-carving, are also preserved.

النقش على العظم

يوجد في مدينة توبولسك معمل للنقش على العظم ينتج مصنوعات رائعة نالت كثير من الجوائز في المعارض الدولية. وتشمل موضوعات المتحف كل مجالات الحياة في سيبيريا من قصص الشمال وعادات شعوبه إلى القصص الروسية وحتى ارتباط حياة المنطقة باستخراج النفط والغاز. والمادة الأولية هنا هي العظم بأنواعه المتعددة من قرن البقر إلى ناب الماموث، وهو الأغلى والأكثر ندرة يعرف بالخطوط الفريدة في نسيجه.


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المناخ

Tobolsk has a humid continental climate (تصنيف كوپن للمناخ Dfb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Winters are very cold with average temperatures from −21.6 °C (−6.9 °F) to −12.7 °C (9.1 °F) in January, while summers are mild with average temperatures from +13.8 to +23.9 °C (56.8 to 75.0 °F). Precipitation is moderate and is somewhat higher in summer than at other times of the year.

Climate data for توبولسك
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		29.5
(85.1) 		35.7
(96.3) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		33.8
(92.8) 		30.1
(86.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		12.3
(54.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −12.7
(9.1) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.4
(68.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		6.1
(43.0) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		5.8
(42.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		0.9
(33.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−19.4
(−2.9) 		−3.7
(25.3)
Record low °C (°F) −48.5
(−55.3) 		−47.7
(−53.9) 		−41.8
(−43.2) 		−30.3
(−22.5) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−40.1
(−40.2) 		−51.8
(−61.2) 		−51.8
(−61.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23
(0.9) 		17
(0.7) 		17
(0.7) 		24
(0.9) 		45
(1.8) 		57
(2.2) 		67
(2.6) 		73
(2.9) 		53
(2.1) 		40
(1.6) 		34
(1.3) 		27
(1.1) 		477
(18.8)
Average rainy days 1 0.2 3 10 13 16 16 20 20 14 4 1 118.2
Average snowy days 22 17 13 6 2 0 0 0 0.4 6 17 22 105.4
Average relative humidity (%) 81 77 72 65 62 66 73 78 79 79 82 81 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61 114 177 217 265 288 298 225 156 92 60 42 1٬995
Source 1: pogoda.ru.net[20]
Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[21]

السكان

تعداد سكان توبولسك حتى 2019.

وفي 1 يناير 2019، كان ترتيب مدينة توبولسك هو 174 بين 1,115 مدينة في روسيا الاتحادية حسب تعداد السكان.

مناظر عامة

Stained glass window dedicated to Tobolsk at the station "Rechnoy Vokzal" of Novosibirsk Metro

أشخاص بارزون


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البلدات التوأم والمدن الشقيقة

المقالة الرئيسية: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

توبولسك متوأمة مع:

الهامش

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Law #53
  2. ^ Article 2 of the Charter of Tobolsk states that the town may have an anthem, providing one is approved by the Town Duma. As of 2015, no anthem has been adopted.
  3. ^ أ ب Charter of Tobolsk, Preamble
  4. ^ أ ب Official website of Tobolsk. General Information (بالروسية)
  5. ^ أ ب Charter of Tobolsk, Article 20
  6. ^ Official website of Tobolsk Town Administration. Structure of the Administration of the Town of Tobolsk (بالروسية)
  7. ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث Law #263
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
  11. ^ Charter of Tobolsk, Article 2
  12. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ^ Lantzeff, George V., and Richard A. Pierce (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750. Montreal: McGill-Queen's U.P.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007). The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  16. ^ Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of California Press.
  17. ^ "Tobolsk city, Russia travel guide". russiatrek.org. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  18. ^ "KGB Veteran Denies CIA Caused '82 Blast | News". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  19. ^ "Тобольский нефтехимический комплекс станет крупнейшим в стране". Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Weather And Climate - Climate Tobolsk" (in Russian). Retrieved January 21, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ "Climate Normals for Tobolsk". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 21, 2013.

مصادر

للاستزادة

  • Brumfield, William. Tobolsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs. Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2006. ISBN 5-94607-063-0

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Tyumen Oblast

الكلمات الدالة:
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