تل يزرع‌إل

يزرع‌إل
יִזְרְעֶאל
Yizri'el
TelIzrael006.jpg
Tel Jezreel looking east toward Gilboa.
تل يزرع‌إل is located in إسرائيل
تل يزرع‌إل
كما يظهر في إسرائيل
الاسم البديلJezreel
المكانيزرع‌إل، إسرائيل
المنطقةمرج بن عامر
الإحداثيات32°33′28.27″N 35°19′40.63″E / 32.5578528°N 35.3279528°E / 32.5578528; 35.3279528
النوعpalace
جزء منtown
التاريخ
البانيTribe of Issachar, Ahab
الموادstone
الثقافاتIsraelite
مقترن بـAhab, Jezebel, Naboth, Ahinoam, Jehu, Elijah
ملاحظات حول الموقع
تواريخ الحفريات1990-1996
الأثريونDavid Ussishkin, John Woodhead

Tel Jezreel (بالعبرية: יִזְרְעֶאל‬‎ Yīzrə‘e’l, "God will sow") is an archaeological site in the eastern Jezreel Valley in northern Israel. The city of Jezreel served as a main fortress of the Kingdom of Israel under king Ahab in the 9th century BCE.

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الإشارات التوراتية

Queen Jezebel executed by defenestration in Jezreel, by Gustav Doré

Prior to the division of the United Kingdom of Israel, the city was the hometown of Ahinoam, second wife of King David, Michal, Saul's daughter, being the first, Ahinoam being his second, and Abigail, widow of Nabal, being his third (1 Samuel 25:43). According to the First Book of Kings, the royal palace of King Ahab, "one of the most famous of the royal residences of the kings of Israel",[1] was in Jezreel, adjacent to the vineyard of Naboth (1 Kings 21:1). Ahab's capital remained in Samaria.[2]

According to Kings%2018:45-46&verse=KJV&src=! 1 Kings 18:45-46 KJV, following the prophet Elijah's victory over the prophets of Ba'al at Mount Carmel, Elijah instructs Ahab to return home to Jezreel, where he would be reporting on events to Jezebel, his wife, but "the hand of the Lord was upon Elijah" and he reached Jezreel ahead of Ahab (Kings%2018:45-46&verse=NKJV&src=! 1 Kings 18:45-46 NKJV). Jezreel is around 50 km from Mount Carmel.[3]

As recounted in Kings%209:1-37&verse=kjv&src=! 2 Kings 9:1-37 kjv, after Jehu kills King Jehoram, son of Ahab, he confronts Jezebel in Jezreel and urges her eunuchs to kill her by throwing her out of a window. They comply, throwing her out the window. They left her in the street where she was eaten by dogs. Only Jezebel's skull, feet, and hands remained.

In Kings%2010:8&verse=kjv&src=! 2 Kings 10:8 kjv Jehu orders the death of 70 descendants of Ahab, and has their heads sent to the new king in Jezreel and piled up in "two heaps at the gate entrance."[4]

Jezreel is also mentioned in the book of Hosea where God commands Hosea to name his son "Jezreel, because I will soon punish the house of Jehu for the massacre at Jezreel, and I will put an end to the kingdom of Israel" (Hosea 1:4). God also tells Hosea as to a future event, "I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the Lord. And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the Lord, I will hear the heavens, and they shall hear the earth; And the earth shall hear the corn, and the wine, and the oil; and they shall hear Jezreel." (Hosea 2:21-22 9). Hosea also mentions, "In that day I will break Israel’s bow in the Valley of Jezreel." (Hosea 1:5 9).


التاريخ

The "breathtaking views" that the site commands to the north and east are considered to have been of strategic importance during the Bronze and Iron Ages because the commercial and military highway from Egypt to Syria and Mesopotamia passed through Megiddo, the Jezreel Valley, and Beth Shean.[4]

العصران الحجري النحاسي والبرونزي

During the excavations, archaeologists collected pottery and other findings scattered all over the site. The earliest archaeological findings in the site date to the Wadi Raba culture of the 5th millennium BCE. Based on the findings, the site was inhabited as an unfortified settlement throughout the entire Bronze Age period.[5][6][7]

العصر الحديدي

Water was supplied by cisterns inside the walls and by the spring of 'En Jezreel northeast of the fortress.[4] Because of the strategic location, ample water supply, and excellent grazing in the Jezreel Valley, archaeologists David Ussishkin and John Woodhead believe that Jezreel was the base for King Ahab's chariot corps and cavalry.[4]

Jezreel was a 9th-century BCE fortress possibly built during the reign of King Omri but certainly active in the reigns of King Ahab and his consort Queen Jezebel and their son King Jehoram.[4] It was destroyed soon afterward, possibly by the Arameans in the late 9th-century.[4][8] The pottery found in the fortress during the dig all dates to this brief period.[4]

أواخر العصر الروماني/البيزنطي

The anonymous Bordeaux Pilgrim who visited the site in 333 CE calls it by its Latinised name, Stradela, a word derived from the Greek form Ésdráēla (باليونانية: Έσδράηλα).[9][10] The fourth-century Christian nun and pilgrim Egeria visited Jezreel and reported that "the tomb of Jezebel is stoned by everyone to this very day."[4]

الفترة العربية حتى 1948

Jezreel was the site of a Byzantine-era village, a Crusader-period village belonging to the Knights Templar, and a later Islamic period village named Zir'in (derived from the ancient name Jezreel).[4] A "beautiful Crusader church still stands largely intact.[4] Benjamin of Tudela visited Jezreel in 1165 CE and reports that a Jewish man "a dyer by profession" lived there.[11] It was the site of a large Ottoman-era fortified tower.[4] During the 1947–1949 Palestine war the village of Ze'rin "became a central base for Arab forces", and was therefore conquered and the site cleared.[4]

الآثار

أطلال برج في زرعين، 1880s.
"Remains of the Tower of Jezebel", 1926 stereograph by a member of the American Colony in Jerusalem.[12]

Archaeologists David Ussishkin and John Woodhead led a dig at Jezreel.[4] In 1987, a bulldozer working near the site accidentally uncovered ancient structures, and a salvage dig was conducted, leading to the major dig under the direction of Ussishkin and Woodhead over seven seasons from 1990 to 1996.[4] Staff and volunteers from about 25 countries (the largest groups were from United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark) joined the dig.

Renewed excavations began in the summer of 2012 under the new directorship of Dr. Norma Franklin of the University of Haifa Zinman Institute of Archaeology, and Dr. Jennie Ebeling of the University of Evansville.[13] The excavations uncovered a casemate wall and four projecting towers surrounding the fortress, built with a combination of well-cut ashlars, boulders and smaller stones, and an upper level of mud-brick. The fortress enclosed an area of almost 11 acres (45,000 m2). It was 860' long and 470' wide, and defended by a steep slope to the north and a moat 20' deep and rampart on the other three sides.[4]

Pursuant to evidence from this most recent excavation, Dr. Franklin further asserts that Jezreel likely contained both a vineyard and a winery near an installation made to house any visiting Israelite king, which is all consistent with several claims regarding the story of the vineyard's alleged owner—a man named Naboth—made in the Biblical Book of 1 Kings.[14] While vineyards do not leave direct archaeological remains, an independently conducted soil analysis found a plot of land in Jezreel properly suited for growing grapes, while the soils in the fields further west from the location were found to be the right quality for growing olives.[14] Furthermore, numerous indicators of an ancient winery were discovered at a "particularly impressive installation...carved into the limestone bedrock at the foot of the hill of Jezreel", such indicators including rock-cut treading floors; two adjacent rock-cut vats, each more than one meter in depth; another treading floor connected to a vat by a rock-cut channel; a deep circular basin that possibly functioned as additional vat; and a sump for collecting liquids.[14]

المراجع

  1. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Kings 18, accessed 2 November 2017
  2. ^ Pulpit Commentary on 1 Kings 18, accessed 2 November 2017
  3. ^ Google Maps, based on modern roads linking Mount Carmel with Kibbutz Yizre'el.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض David Ussishkin, "Jezreel—Where Jezebel Was Thrown to the Dogs", Biblical Archaeology Review July / August 2010. Read Online
  5. ^ Ram Gophna, Varda Shlomi (1997), p. 74, 81
  6. ^ Howard Smithline (2017), p. 13–14
  7. ^ David Ussishkin & John Woodhead (1994), p. 44
  8. ^ Nadav Na'aman, "Historical and Literary Notes on the Excavation of Tel Jezreel," Tel Aviv 24, 1987, pp. 122-128.
  9. ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jezreel" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 15 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 411. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ "Itinerary from Bordeaux to Jerusalem — 'The Bordeaux Pilgrim' (333 A.D.)", translated by Aubrey Stewart, pub. in: Palestine Pilgrim's Text Society, vol. 1, London 1887, p. 17 (note 5)
  11. ^ Asher, Adolf, The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, Hakesheath, New York, 1840, p. 80.
  12. ^ "Northern views. Remains of the Tower of Jezebel". Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  13. ^ Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 2013
  14. ^ أ ب ت Franklin, Norma. "The Story of Naboth's Vineyard and the Ancient Winery in Jezreel". TheTorah.com. Projects TABS (Torah and Biblical Scholarship). Retrieved 29 December 2017.

للاستزادة

  • H.G.M. Williamson (1991). "Jezreel in the Biblical Texts". Tel Aviv. 18 (1): 72–92. doi:10.1179/tav.1991.1991.1.72.
  • David Ussishkin & John Woodhead (1992). "Excavations at Tel Jezreel 1990–1991: Preliminary Report". Tel Aviv. 19 (1): 3–56. doi:10.1179/tav.1992.1992.1.3.
  • Orna Zimhoni (1992). "The Iron Age Pottery from Tel Jezreel—An Interim Report". Tel Aviv. 19 (1): 57–70. doi:10.1179/tav.1992.1992.1.57.
  • David Ussishkin & John Woodhead (1994). "Excavations at Tel Jezreel 1992–1993: Second Preliminary Report". Levant. 26 (1): 1–48. doi:10.1179/lev.1994.26.1.1.
  • Menakhem Shuval (1994). "A Seal Impression from Tel Jezreel". Levant. 26 (1): 49–50. doi:10.1179/lev.1994.26.1.49.
  • Matthew Bradley (1994). "Preliminary Assessment of the Medieval Christian Burials from Tel Jezreel". Levant. 26 (1): 63–65. doi:10.1179/lev.1994.26.1.63.
  • H. G. M. Williamson (1996). "Tel Jezreel and the Dynasty of Omri". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 128 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1179/peq.1996.128.1.41.
  • Anthony D. Grey (1994). "The Pottery of the Later Periods from Tel Jezreel: an Interim Report". Levant. 26 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1179/lev.1994.26.1.51.
  • Piers Mitchell (1994). "Pathology in The Crusader Period: Human Skeletal Remains From Tel Jezreel". Levant. 26 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1179/lev.1994.26.1.67.
  • David Ussishkin & John Woodhead (1997). "Excavations at Tel Jezreel 1994–1996: Third Preliminary Report". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 6–72. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.6.
  • Ram Gophna & Varda Shlomi (1997). "Some Notes on Early Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Material from the Sites of 'En Jezreel and Tel Jezreel". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 73–82. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.73.
  • Orna Zimhoni (1997). "Clues from the Enclosure-fills: Pre-Omride Settlement at Tel Jezreel". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 83–109. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.83.
  • Raz Kletter (1997). "Clay Figurines and Scale Weights from Tel Jezreel". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 110–121. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.110.
  • Nadav Na'aman (1997). "Historical and Literary Notes on the Excavation of Tel Jezreel". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 122–128. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.122.
  • T.S.N. Moorhead (1997). "The Late Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad Periods at Tel Jezreel". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 129–166. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.129.
  • Pinhas Porat (1994). "A Fragmentary Greek Inscription from Tel Jezreel". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 167–168. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.167.
  • Piers Mitchell (1997). "Further Evidence of Disease in the Crusader Period Population of Le Petit Gérin (Tel Jezreel)". Tel Aviv. 24 (1): 169–179. doi:10.1179/tav.1997.1997.1.169.
  • Dag Oredsson (1998). "Jezreel—Its contribution to iron age chronology". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 12 (1): 86–101. doi:10.1080/09018329808585129.
  • David Ussishkin (2000). "The Credibility of the Tel Jezreel Excavations: A Rejoinder to Amnon Ben-Tor". Tel Aviv. 27 (2): 248–256. doi:10.1179/tav.2000.2000.2.248. S2CID 162303636.
  • St John Simpson (2002). "Ottoman Pipes from Zir'in (Tell Jezreel)". Levant. 34 (1): 159–172. doi:10.1179/lev.2002.34.1.159. S2CID 162396483.
  • Matthew Bradley (2006). "The Medieval Christian Cemetery at Tel Jezreel". Levant. 38 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1179/lev.2006.38.1.33. S2CID 162326646.
  • Piers D. Mitchell (2006). "Child Health in the Crusader Period Inhabitants of Tel Jezreel, Israel". Levant. 38 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1179/lev.2006.38.1.37. S2CID 161170603.
  • SAM MOORHEAD (2008). "The Coins from the excavations at Tel Jezreel (Israel)". The Numismatic Chronicle. 168: 453–474. JSTOR 42678782.
  • D. Ussishkin (2010). "Jezreel, the Fortress of Ahab and Jezebel / יזרעאל, מעוזם של אחאב ואיזבל". Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands (in العبرية). 43 (139): 2–11. JSTOR 23685622.
  • Shawn Zelig Aster (April 2012). "The Function of the City of Jezreel and the Symbolism of Jezreel in Hosea 1–2". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 71 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1086/664451. S2CID 222444555.
  • Jennie Ebeling, Norma Franklin and Ian Cipin (December 2012). "JEZREEL REVEALED IN LASER SCANS: A Preliminary Report of the 2012 Survey Season". Near Eastern Archaeology. 75 (4): 232–239. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.75.4.0232. S2CID 164143447.
  • Donald T. Ariel (2014). "The Stamped Amphora Handles from Tel Jezreel". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 146 (2): 135–148. doi:10.1179/0031032814Z.00000000093. S2CID 161548862.
  • Norma Franklin, Jennie Ebeling and Philippe Guillaume (2015). "An Ancient Winery In Jezreel / יקב יין קדום ביזרעאל". Beit Mikra: Journal for the Study of the Bible and Its World (in العبرية). 21 (1): 9–18. JSTOR 24430214.
  • Howard Smithline (2017). "עדות לפעילות בתקופת הברונזה הביניימית בתל יזרעאל / An Intermediate Bronze Age Presence at Tel Yizra'el". Atiqot. 88: 1–16. JSTOR 26190185.
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