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A 3D projection of a 4D Pentachoron performing a double rotation about two orthogonal planes.

Computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound but is normally considered as different from photography. Today almost every computer can do some graphics, and people have come to expect that they will interface with their computer through icons and pictures rather than solely by typing. The term computer graphics has additional meanings:

• the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer
• the various technologies used to create and manipulate such pictorial data
• the images so produced, and
• a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.

Today much of our life is affected by computers, and by computer graphics. Whether you see them on television, in newspapers, in weather reports or while at the doctor's surgery, computer images are all around you. A well-chosen graph is able to transform a complex table of numbers into meaningful results. Such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, and theses, as well as providing the basis for presentation material in the form of slides and overhead transparencies. A range of tools and facilities are available to enable users to visualise their data, and computer graphics are used in many disciplines.

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Global illumination is a general name for a group of algorithms used in 3D computer graphics that are meant to add more realistic lighting to 3D scenes. Such algorithms take into account not only the light which comes directly from a light source (direct illumination), but also subsequent cases in which light rays from the same source are reflected by other surfaces in the scene (indirect illumination).

Theoretically reflections, refractions, and shadows are all examples of global illumination, because when simulating them, one object affects the rendering of another object (as opposed to an object being affected only by a direct light). In practice, however, only the simulation of diffuse inter-reflection or caustics is called global illumination.

Images rendered using global illumination algorithms often appear more photorealistic than images rendered using only direct illumination algorithms. However, such images are computationally more expensive and consequently much slower to generate. One common approach is to compute the global illumination of a scene and store that information with the geometry, i.e., radiosity. That stored data can then be used to generate images from different viewpoints for generating walkthroughs of a scene without having to go through expensive lighting calculations repeatedly.

Radiosity, ray tracing, beam tracing, cone tracing, path tracing, metropolis light transport, ambient occlusion, photon mapping, and image based lighting are examples of algorithms used in global illumination, some of which may be used together to yield results that are fast, but accurate. Find out more...

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Scalable vector graphic (SVG) illustration of a tank

Image credit: Doug Hatfield (Dhatfield)

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Concepts and Principles	Image types	Techniques & Tools
Image Digital image Pixel Graphics Computer graphics Design Rendering (computer graphics) Ray tracing 3D projection Shading Flat shading Gouraud shading Phong shading Blinn-Phong shading Surface normal Texture mapping Bitmap texture Procedural texture Texture synthesis * Bump mapping Distance fog Shadows Soft shadows Reflection Specular reflection Diffuse reflection Transparency and opacity Translucency Refraction Diffraction Global illumination and Radiosity * Caustics Depth of field Motion blur Volume rendering Non-photorealistic rendering Animation Motion capture Skeletal animation Crowd simulation	2D computer graphics Pixel art Vector graphics Illustration Diagram Chart Graph Graph of a function Ideogram Map Pictogram Statistical graphics Technical drawing 3D computer graphics Exploded view 3D models Animation	2D computer graphics Drawing Illustration Scalable Vector Graphics Geometric primitive (2D) Point Line and Line segment Plane Circle and Ellipse Triangle and other Polygons Spline 3D computer graphics Geometric primitive (3D) Sphere Cube or Box Toroid Cylinder Pyramid Teapot Solid modeling Wire frame model Catmull–Clark subdivision surface Constructive solid geometry Digital geometry 3D modelling * Texture mapping 3D rendering * Non-photorealistic rendering Cel-shaded animation Global illumination * Volume rendering * 3D display Animation CGI Wireframe model Computer animation Motion capture Skeletal animation Crowd simulation Tools 3D scanning 3D printing 3D computer graphics software Related Image processing
Applications	Famous people and images	Related fields
Computational biology Molecular modelling Molecular dynamics DNA * Computational physics Smoothed particle hydrodynamics Computational Magnetohydrodynamics Scientific visualization Digital art * Design Graphic design Information graphics Engineering Computer-aided design * Virtual engineering Data analysis Topological data analysis Education Flight simulator Entertainment Simulation Game Timeline of CGI in films Special effect Visual effects Video games Virtual reality Mathematics Topology Computational geometry Geometry Polyhedron * Knot Theory * Pentachoron * Hypercube * 16-cell * 24-cell * Medicine Tomography Meteorology Numerical weather prediction Technical simulation Fluid dynamics * Finite element analysis * Finite element method * Visualization Creative visualization Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Interactive visualization Mental visualisation Music visualization Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Web design	Pioneers in Computational physics John von Neumann Sergei K. Godunov Pioneers in Graphic design Piet Mondrian Henry Cole William Morris Pioneers in Visualization Jacques Bertin Nigel Holmes Michael Maltz Charles Joseph Minard Otto Neurath William Playfair Ben Shneiderman Adolphe Quetelet Edward Tufte Images Utah teapot	Engineering Computational physics Medicine Graphic designer Artist Game artist Advertising Communicators Typographists Illustrators Image processing Visual culture Cartography Computer graphics Crime mapping Graphic design Imaging science Information science Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual communication Visual perception Web design

* Pages with good images

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