برمنگهام، ألباما

Coordinates: 33°31′03″N 86°48′34″W / 33.51750°N 86.80944°W / 33.51750; -86.80944
برمنگهام
City of Birmingham
From top left: Downtown from Red Mountain; Torii in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; Alabama Theatre; Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center
From top left: Downtown from Red Mountain; Torii in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; Alabama Theatre; Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center
الشعار الرسمي لـ برمنگهام
الكنية: 
"The Magic City", "Pittsburgh of the South"
Location in Jefferson County, Alabama
Location in Jefferson County, Alabama
Birmingham is located in الولايات المتحدة
Birmingham
Birmingham
Location in the United States
الإحداثيات: 33°31′03″N 86°48′34″W / 33.51750°N 86.80944°W / 33.51750; -86.80944
Countryالولايات المتحدة
Stateألباما
CountiesJefferson, Shelby
IncorporatedDecember 19, 1871
السمِيْBirmingham, United Kingdom
الحكومة
 • النوعMayor – Council
 • العمدةRandall Woodfin (D)
المساحة
 • مدينة149٫54 ميل² (387٫31 كم²)
 • البر147٫02 ميل² (380٫77 كم²)
 • الماء2٫52 ميل² (6٫53 كم²)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • مدينة200٬733
 • Estimate 
(2021)[2]
197٬575
 • الترتيب124th in the United States
3rd in Alabama
 • الكثافة1٬365٫37/sq mi (527٫17/km2)
 • العمرانية1٬115٬289 (50th)
صفة المواطنBirminghamian
منطقة التوقيتUTC−6 (CST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
35201 to 35298
مفتاح الهاتف205, 659
InterstatesI-20, I-22, I-59, I-65, and I-459
AirportsBirmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport
FIPS code01-07000
GNIS feature ID158174[4]
الموقع الإلكترونيOfficial website

برمنگهام أكبر مدن ولاية ألباما الأمريكية. وفي 2020، بلغ عدد سكانها 200,733 نسمة،[5] making it Alabama's second-most populous city after Huntsville.[أ] وسكان منطقة برمنگهام العمرانية في 2020، 1,115,289 نسمة،[3] وهي أكبر منطقة عمرانية في ألباما، وكذلك 50th-most populous in the United States. Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South, Piedmont, and Appalachian regions of the nation.

Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period, through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns, notably, Elyton. It grew from there, annexing many more of its smaller neighbors, into an industrial and railroad transportation center with a focus on mining, the iron and steel industry, and railroading. Birmingham was named for Birmingham, England, one of that nation's major industrial cities. Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry.[6] The city may have been planned as a place where cheap, non-unionized, and often African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city's steel mills and blast furnaces, giving it a competitive advantage over industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast.[7]

From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the South. The pace of Birmingham's growth during the period from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South. Much like Pittsburgh, Birmingham's major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry, where rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham. In the field of railroading, the two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South were nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, beginning in the 1860s and continuing through to the present day. The economy diversified during the later half of the twentieth century. Though the manufacturing industry maintains a strong presence in Birmingham, other businesses and industries such as banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical power transmission, medical care, college education, and insurance have risen in stature. Mining in the Birmingham area is no longer a major industry with the exception of coal mining. Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and is also one of the largest banking centers in the United States. In addition, the Birmingham area serves as headquarters to one Fortune 500 company: Regions Financial, along with five other Fortune 1000 companies.

In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine (formerly the Medical College of Alabama) and the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry since 1947. Since that time it has also obtained a campus of the University of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham (founded circa 1969), one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three private institutions: Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. Between these colleges and universities, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy, law, engineering, and nursing. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southeastern Conference, one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences.

تُعدّ مركزًا قياديًا في صناعة الحديد والصلب، وفي التعليم، والطب. وتغطي المدينة نحو 256 كم². ويمثل السود نحو 73% من سكانها، ولكنهم يمثلون 30% من إجمالي سكان منطقتها الحضرية. تؤدي صناعة الفولاذ دورًا رئيسيًا في اقتصاد منطقة برمنجهام. ومنذ أواسط الأربعينيات، زادت العمالة في المجالات الطبية والصحية ونمت نموًا هائلاً، وسميت برمنجهام التي تم تأسيسها عام 1871، بهذا الاسم نسبةً لأكبر مدينة إنجليزية منتجة للفولاذ تحمل الاسم نفسه.

انتخب ريتشارد أرينجتون الابن عمدة للمدينة عام 1979، فأصبح أول أسود يتقلد هذا المنصب في تاريخ برمنجهام. أعيد انتخاب أرينجتون في أعوام 1983، و1987، و1991، و1995، وتقاعد في عام 1999.

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التاريخ

التأسيس والنمو المبكر

L&N rail yard at Birmingham, ca. 1900

Birmingham was founded on June 1, 1871, by the Elyton Land Company whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the planned crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads including land formerly a part of the Benjamin P. Worthington Plantation. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre & Allen. The site of the railroad crossing was notable for the nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel.

Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity.[8] From the start the new city was planned as a great center of industry. The founders, organized as the Elyton Land Company, borrowed the name of Birmingham, one of England's main industrial cities, to advertise that point. The growth of the planned city was impeded by an outbreak of cholera and a Wall Street crash in 1873. However, it began to develop shortly afterward at an explosive rate.

الجغرافيا والمناخ

الجغرافيا


درجات الحرارة المعتادة والسجلات القصوى والدنيا الشهرية
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rec High °F 81 83 89 92 99 102 106 103 100 94 85 80
Norm High °F 53.2 58.6 68.5 74.1 82.6 87.8 90.8 90.7 87.9 74.9 65.5 57
Norm Low °F 31.8 34.6 42.4 48.4 57.6 65.4 69.7 69.4 64.6 51.9 42.6 34.8
Rec Low °F -6 3 2 26 35 42 51 51 37 27 5 1
Precip (in) 5.45 4.21 6.1 4.67 4.83 3.78 5.09 3.48 4.05 3.23 4.63 4.47
Source: USTravelWeather.com [1]

مدن شقيقة

Birmingham's Sister Cities program is overseen by the Birmingham Sister Cities Commission.[9]


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ملاحظات

  1. ^ Prior to the 2020 census, Birmingham was the most populous city in Alabama

المصادر

  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  2. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة USCensusEst2021
  3. ^ أ ب "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  4. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: برمنگهام، ألباما
  5. ^ "QuickFacts: Birmingham city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  6. ^ Pickett, Albert James; Owen, Thomas McAdory (2003) [1851]. History of Alabama, and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period. Vol. 1. Montgomery, Ala.: River City Publishing. p. 391. ISBN 978-1880216705. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Alt URL
  7. ^ The Most Segregated City in America: City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920–1980, p. 14.
  8. ^ Lewis, David. "Birmingham Iron and Steel companies". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  9. ^ "birminghamsistercities.com". birminghamsistercities.com. April 23, 1982. Retrieved July 14, 2012.

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة: