برمنگهام، ألباما

برمنگهام City of Birmingham
مدينة
From top left: Downtown from Red Mountain; Torii in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; Alabama Theatre; Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center
Flag الختم الرسمي لـ برمنگهام الشعار Logo
الكنية:  "The Magic City", "Pittsburgh of the South"
Location in Jefferson County, Alabama
Birmingham Location in the United States
الإحداثيات: 33°31′03″N 86°48′34″W
Country	الولايات المتحدة
State	ألباما
Counties	Jefferson, Shelby
Incorporated	December 19, 1871
السمِيْ	Birmingham, United Kingdom
الحكومة
• النوع	Mayor – Council
• العمدة	Randall Woodfin (D)
المساحة
• مدينة	149٫54 ميل² (387٫31 كم²)
• البر	147٫02 ميل² (380٫77 كم²)
• الماء	2٫52 ميل² (6٫53 كم²)
التعداد  (2020)
• مدينة	200٬733
• Estimate  (2021)	197٬575
• الترتيب	124th in the United States 3rd in Alabama
• الكثافة	1٬365٫37/sq mi (527٫17/km2)
• العمرانية	1٬115٬289 (50th)
صفة المواطن	Birminghamian
منطقة التوقيت	UTC−6 (CST)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes	35201 to 35298
مفتاح الهاتف	205, 659
Interstates	I-20, I-22, I-59, I-65, and I-459
Airports	Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport
FIPS code	01-07000
GNIS feature ID	158174
الموقع الإلكتروني	Official website

برمنگهام أكبر مدن ولاية ألباما الأمريكية. وفي 2020، بلغ عدد سكانها 200,733 نسمة، making it Alabama's second-most populous city after Huntsville. وسكان منطقة برمنگهام العمرانية في 2020، 1,115,289 نسمة، وهي أكبر منطقة عمرانية في ألباما، وكذلك 50th-most populous in the United States. Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South, Piedmont, and Appalachian regions of the nation.

Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period, through the merger of three pre-existing farm towns, notably, Elyton. It grew from there, annexing many more of its smaller neighbors, into an industrial and railroad transportation center with a focus on mining, the iron and steel industry, and railroading. Birmingham was named for Birmingham, England, one of that nation's major industrial cities. Most of the original settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. The city may have been planned as a place where cheap, non-unionized, and often African-American labor from rural Alabama could be employed in the city's steel mills and blast furnaces, giving it a competitive advantage over industrial cities in the Midwest and Northeast.

From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was a primary industrial center of the South. The pace of Birmingham's growth during the period from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South. Much like Pittsburgh, Birmingham's major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry, where rails and railroad cars were both manufactured in Birmingham. In the field of railroading, the two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South were nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, beginning in the 1860s and continuing through to the present day. The economy diversified during the later half of the twentieth century. Though the manufacturing industry maintains a strong presence in Birmingham, other businesses and industries such as banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical power transmission, medical care, college education, and insurance have risen in stature. Mining in the Birmingham area is no longer a major industry with the exception of coal mining. Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and is also one of the largest banking centers in the United States. In addition, the Birmingham area serves as headquarters to one Fortune 500 company: Regions Financial, along with five other Fortune 1000 companies.

In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine (formerly the Medical College of Alabama) and the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry since 1947. Since that time it has also obtained a campus of the University of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham (founded circa 1969), one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three private institutions: Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. Between these colleges and universities, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy, law, engineering, and nursing. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southeastern Conference, one of the major U.S. collegiate athletic conferences.

تُعدّ مركزًا قياديًا في صناعة الحديد والصلب، وفي التعليم، والطب. وتغطي المدينة نحو 256 كم². ويمثل السود نحو 73% من سكانها، ولكنهم يمثلون 30% من إجمالي سكان منطقتها الحضرية. تؤدي صناعة الفولاذ دورًا رئيسيًا في اقتصاد منطقة برمنجهام. ومنذ أواسط الأربعينيات، زادت العمالة في المجالات الطبية والصحية ونمت نموًا هائلاً، وسميت برمنجهام التي تم تأسيسها عام 1871، بهذا الاسم نسبةً لأكبر مدينة إنجليزية منتجة للفولاذ تحمل الاسم نفسه.

انتخب ريتشارد أرينجتون الابن عمدة للمدينة عام 1979، فأصبح أول أسود يتقلد هذا المنصب في تاريخ برمنجهام. أعيد انتخاب أرينجتون في أعوام 1983، و1987، و1991، و1995، وتقاعد في عام 1999.

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 التاريخ

 التأسيس والنمو المبكر

عمالة الأطفال في مغازل أڤونديل في برمنگهام، 1910، تصوير لويس هاين

L&N rail yard at Birmingham, ca. 1900

Birmingham was founded on June 1, 1871, by the Elyton Land Company whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the planned crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads including land formerly a part of the Benjamin P. Worthington Plantation. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre & Allen. The site of the railroad crossing was notable for the nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel.

Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity. From the start the new city was planned as a great center of industry. The founders, organized as the Elyton Land Company, borrowed the name of Birmingham, one of England's main industrial cities, to advertise that point. The growth of the planned city was impeded by an outbreak of cholera and a Wall Street crash in 1873. However, it began to develop shortly afterward at an explosive rate.

 الجغرافيا والمناخ

 الجغرافيا

Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge

مناخ برمنگهام، ألباما

درجات الحرارة المعتادة والسجلات القصوى والدنيا الشهرية
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Rec High °F	81	83	89	92	99	102	106	103	100	94	85	80
Norm High °F	53.2	58.6	68.5	74.1	82.6	87.8	90.8	90.7	87.9	74.9	65.5	57
Norm Low °F	31.8	34.6	42.4	48.4	57.6	65.4	69.7	69.4	64.6	51.9	42.6	34.8
Rec Low °F	-6	3	2	26	35	42	51	51	37	27	5	1
Precip (in)	5.45	4.21	6.1	4.67	4.83	3.78	5.09	3.48	4.05	3.23	4.63	4.47
Source: USTravelWeather.com [1]

 مدن شقيقة

Birmingham's Sister Cities program is overseen by the Birmingham Sister Cities Commission.

Hitachi, Japan since April 23, 1982 Székesfehérvár, Hungary since July 15, 1994 Anshan, China since November 5, 1996 Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Friendship City) since August 5, 1998 Krasnodon, Ukraine (Friendship City) since April 8, 1999 Vinnytsia, Ukraine since April 23, 2003 Plzeň, Czech Republic since May 6, 2005 Guédiawaye, Senegal since February 8, 2005 Al-Karak, Jordan since November 9, 2005 Rosh HaAyin, Israel since November 9, 2005 Winneba, Ghana since February 2, 2009 Liverpool, United Kingdom since October 21, 2015 Kingston, Jamaica since February 15, 2017 Maebashi, Japan since July 3, 2017 Apaaso, Ghana since September 29, 2017

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 وصلات خارجية

• National Weather Service - Birmingham
• Official Site for the City of Birmingham, Alabama
• Greater Birmingham Convention & Visitors Bureau
• Birmingham Regional Chamber of Commerce
• BhamWiki: The Project to Document the Birmingham District
• Birmingham travel guide from Wikitravel
• BirminghamProSports.com: History of pro sports in Birmingham
• History of Railroads and Industries in Birmingham
• Birmingham article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
• Birmingham Recreation Trails

• Birmingham media:
  • The Birmingham News – daily newspaper of record
  • The Birmingham Times – African-American community news
  • Birmingham Weekly – alternative news – weekly
  • The Black and White – alternative news – biweekly
  • Birmingham Business Journal – business news weekly