المعهد الملكي لبريطانيا العظمى

Coordinates: 51°30′35″N 0°08′33″W / 51.5098°N 0.1425°W / 51.5098; -0.1425

المعهد الملكي لبريطانيا العظمى Royal Institution of Great Britain هي منظمة مكرسة للتعليم العلمي والبحثي، ومقرها في لندن.

مقدمة

التاريخ

The Royal Institution ca. 1838.
Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1856

حائزون على جائزة نوبل

  1. John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919) - Physics 1904 with William Ramsey for the discovery of Argon
  2. Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) - Physics 1906 for studies of electrical connection through gases
  3. Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871–1937) - Chemistry 1908 for work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and the disintegration of the elements
  4. William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971)- Physics 1915 joint with WH Bragg, for determining the molecular structure of crystals using x-rays
  5. William Henry Bragg (1862–1942)- Physics 1915 joint with WL Bragg, for determining the molecular structure of crystals using x-rays
  6. Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952) - Chemistry 1932 shared, for his discovery of the function of neurons
  7. Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968) - Medicine 1936 joint with Otto Loewi, for their work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses[1]
  8. Peter Brian Medawar (1915–1987) - Medicine 1960 for his work on making permanent skin grafts
  9. John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997) - Chemistry 1962 with Perutz, for determining the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin using X-ray crystallography and (new at the time) electronic computers
  10. Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002) - Chemistry 1962 with Kendrew, for determining the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin using X-ray crystallography and (new at the time) electronic computers
  11. Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917–2012) - Medicine 1963 for explaining how nerves use electricity to send signals around the body
  12. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910 – 1994) - Chemistry 1964 for determining the structure of important biochemical substances including vitamin B12 and penicillin using X-ray techniques
  13. George, Baron Porter of Luddenham (1920–2002) - Chemistry 1967 for work on chemical reactions triggered by light, and for photographing the behaviour of molecules during fast reactions
  14. Anthony Hewish (1924-) - Physics 1974 for his work on the discovery of pulsars
  15. Sir John Gurdon (1933-) - in 2012, he and Shinya Yamanaka were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells

العناصر الكيميائية

  1. Potassium – isolated from caustic potash by Humphry Davy in 1807 using electrolysis.
  2. Sodium – Humphry Davy first isolated sodium in 1807 from molten sodium hydroxide.
  3. Barium – isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts by Humphry Davy in 1808.
  4. Boron – discovered by Humphry Davy who first used electrolysis to produce a brown precipitate from a solution of borates in 1808. He produced enough of the substance to identify it as an element but it wasn't until 1909 that pure boron was produced.
  5. Calcium – isolated by Humphry Davy in 1808 from a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide using electrolysis.
  6. Chlorine – Elemental chlorine was discovered in 1774 but was thought to be a compound and was called "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air". Humphry Davy named it Chlorine in 1810 after experimenting with it and declared it was an element.
  7. Magnesium – first produced/discovered in 1808 by Humphry Davy using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercury oxide.
  8. Strontium – known in mineral form but isolated as an element in 1808 by Humphry Davy from a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric acid.
  9. Iodine – Discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811, he lacked the resources to investigate the substance but gave samples to various researchers. It was named by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac who thought it either a compound of oxygen or an element. A few days later Humphry Davy stated it was a new element leading to wrangling between the two over who identified it first.
  10. Argon – discovered in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsey.

الرؤساء

Since 1799, the Royal Institution has had fifteen Presidents and one Acting-President.[2]

المديرون

  • Director of the Laboratory
  • Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory
  • Director

    • جدل اندرادي

    The exterior of the Royal Institution today

    جدل گرينفيلد

    متحف فاراداي

    قناة ري

    المعهد الملكي في استراليا

    انظر أيضاً

    المصادر

    1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved January 30, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
    2. ^ RI Presidents since 1799, Royal Institution website, accessed 26 February 2011

    وصلات خارجية

    51°30′35″N 0°08′33″W / 51.5098°N 0.1425°W / 51.5098; -0.1425

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