المعرفة:قوالب المراجع

Below are examples of how to use templates to cite books, encyclopedias, journals, theses, papers, websites, comic strips, videos, and editorial comics. See also Category:Citation templates. If there is a possibility that Harvard referencing will be used in the article in future, consider using the Citation templates (shown second in relation to each source) for additional linking functionality with Template:Harvard citation. This linking from cite to reference does not work with the other templates shown below.

• For full description of the template — click the template name
• Required field(s) are indicated in bold
• Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.
• Following each example is the resulting article text.

The use of Citation templates is not required by WP:CITE and is neither encouraged nor discouraged by any other Wikipedia citation guidelines. They may be used at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with the other editors on the article. Some editors find them helpful, while other editors find them annoying, particularly when used inline in the text. Because they are optional, editors should not change articles from one style to another without consensus.

See Wikipedia:Citing sources#Tools for a list of tools which can help create some of the templates below.

source	template (required)	common usage	Example 1 article text	Example 2 article text
book	{{cite book}} title	{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | publisher = | date = | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}	{{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | authorlink = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of V… | publisher = [[Springer]] | date = 1999 | pages = 198-203 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X }} Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Springer-Verlag. pp. 198–203. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X.	{{cite book | last = Cordell | first = Bruce R. | coauthors = Jeff Grubb, David Noonan | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | date = 2001 | pages = pp. 198-203 | month = September | isbn = 0-7869-1850-8 }} Cordell, Bruce R. (2001). Manual of the Planes. Wizards of the Coast. pp. pp. 198-203. ISBN 0-7869-1850-8. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
	{{Citation}}	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | place= | publisher = | year = | location = | volume = | edition = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}	{{Citation | first = David | last = Mu… | author-link = David Mumfo… | title = The Red Book of V… | place = Berlin | publisher = Springer-Verl… | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X }} Mumford, David (1999), The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/b62130, ISBN 354063293X	{{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | date = September 2001 | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7869-1850-8 }} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001), Manual of the Planes, Wizards of the Coast, ISBN 0-7869-1850-8
journal	{{cite journal}} Title	{{cite journal | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}	{{cite journal | authorlink = Stephen Brey… | title = Copyright: A Rejo… | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder". UCLA Law Review. 20: 75–83.	{{cite journal | last = Bailey | first = David H. | authorlink = David H. Bailey | coauthors = [[Peter Borwein|Borwein… | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | date = [[1999-06-25]] | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/…-quest.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | id = ISSN: 0343-6993 | accessdate = 2006-06-29 }} Bailey, David H. (1999-06-25). "The Quest for Pi" (PDF). Mathematical Intelligencer. 19 (1): 50–57. ISSN: 0343-6993. Retrieved 2006-06-29. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
	{{Citation}} journal (or periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | year = | url = | doi = | id = }}	{{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre… | title = Copyright: A Rejo… | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972 | year = 1972 }} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder", UCLA Law Review 20: 75–83	{{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author1-link = David H. Bailey | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author2-link = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan… | author3-link = Jonathan M. Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | date = [[1999-06-25]] | year = 1999 | url = http://crd.lbl.gov/…-quest.pdf | id = ISSN 0343-6993 }} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (1999-06-25), "The Quest for Pi", Mathematical Intelligencer 19 (1): 50–57, ISSN 0343-6993, http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/pi-quest.pdf
conference  report  or paper	{{cite conference}} title booktitle	{{cite conference | first = | last = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | booktitle = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}	{{cite conference | first = M. | last = Turk | authorlink = | coauthors = Pentland, A. | title = Face recognition … | booktitle = Proc IEEE Con… | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces". Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 586–591.	{{cite conference | last = Evans | first = N. R. | coauthors = Schaefer, G; Bond, H.; … | title = Direct detection of the clo… | booktitle = American Astronomical S… | place = Maui, Hawaii | date = [[2006-01-09]] | url = http://www.aas.org/pu…1130.htm | accessdate = 2006-07-02 }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (2006-01-09). "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting. Retrieved on 2006-07-02.
	{{Citation}}	{{Citation | first = | last = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author2-link = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | contribution = | contribution-url = | title = | year = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }}	{{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet… | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog… | title = Proc IEEE Confere… | publisher = IEEE | pages = 586–591 | year = 1991 }} Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces", Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, pp. 586–591	{{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of … | title = American Astronomical… | publisher = AAS | date = [[2006-01-09]] | year = 2006 | contribution-url = http://…30.htm }} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (2006-01-09), "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope", American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting, AAS
encyclopedia	{{cite encyclopedia}} Title encyclopedia	{{cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | accessdate = }}	{{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard, Ole L… | encyclopedia = Grote Wink… | volume = 9 | publisher = [[Winkler P…]] | date = 1882 }} "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund". Grote Winkler Prins. Vol. 9. Winkler Prins. 1882.	{{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Kramer | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist… | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = http://www.geocities.com/mart… | accessdate = 2006-05-23 }} Kramer, Martin (1999). "Bernard Lewis". Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
	{{Citation}} contribution=name of article	{{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | year = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place= | publisher = | id = }}	{{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard… | title = Grote Winkler Pri… | editor-last = Winkler Pri… | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win… | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 1882 }} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund", Grote Winkler Prins, 9, Elsevier	{{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians … | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | year = 1999 | contribution-url = http://…is.htm }} Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley, Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720
news article	{{cite news}} Title	{{cite news | last = | first = | coauthors = | title = | work = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite news | last = McGee | first = Maggie | title = Seabed 'scarred' … | pages = 12–27 | publisher = CNN | date = [[2005-02-10]] | url = http://www.cnn.com/… | accessdate = 2006-07-03 }} McGee, Maggie (2005-02-10). "Seabed 'scarred' by tsunami quake". CNN. pp. 12–27. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)	{{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | coauthors = Witter, Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO… | publisher = Marine Corps News | date = [[2006-02-17]] | url = http://www.military.com/Caree… | accessdate = 2006-06-02 }} Andersen, David (2006-02-17). "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success". Marine Corps News. Retrieved 2006-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
	{{Citation}} newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | year = | date = | url = }}	{{Citation | last=Cowdery | first=Oliver | author-link=Oliver Cowdery | title=Letter VIII | newspaper=[[Latter Day Sa… | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=195–202 | year=1835 | date=October 1835 | url=http://www.centerp… }} Cowdery, Oliver (October 1835), "Letter VIII", Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate 2 (1): 195–202, http://www.centerplace.org/history/ma/v2n01.htm#195	{{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO… | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = [[2006-02-17]] | year = 2006 | url = http://www.military.com/Ca… }} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (2006-02-17), "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success", Marine Corps News, http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=careersArticlesGoDaddy.htm&area=Reference
website	{{cite web}} title url	{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = | work = | publisher = | date = | url = | format = | doi = | accessdate = }}	{{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido… | url=http://science-educat… | accessdate = 2006-04-30 }} Spiegel, Rachel. "Research in the News: Thalidomide". Retrieved 2006-04-30.	{{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | authorlink = James Hansen | coauthors = R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and … | title = GISS Surface Temperature An… | work = | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for… | date = [[2005-12-15]] | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis… | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-09-28 }} Hansen, James E. (2005-12-15). "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation". NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved 2006-09-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
	{{Citation}} title url	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido… | url=http://science-educat… | accessdate = 2006-04-30}} Spiegel, Rachel, Research in the News: Thalidomide, http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Thalidomide/index.html, retrieved on 2006-04-30	{{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An… | date = [[2005-12-15]] | year = 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis… | accessdate = 2006-09-28 }} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (2005-12-15), GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation, http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/, retrieved on 2006-09-28
newsgroup  posting DO NOT USE TO VERIFY	{{cite newsgroup}} Title	{{cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del… | date = [[2004-01-11]] | newsgroup = microsoft.pub… | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2… | url = http://groups.googl… | accessdate = 2006-05-16 }}	{{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af… | author = Trodel | date = [[2006-06-10]] | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob… | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20… | url = http://groups.google.com/grou… | accessdate = 2006-07-03 }}
paper  thesis  dissertation	{{cite paper}} Title	{{cite paper | author = | title = | version = | publisher = | date = | url = | format = | accessdate = }}	{{cite paper | author = Ziman, J.M., F.R… | title = Public Knowledge:… | date = 1968 | url =http://info.med.yale… | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2006-07-03 }} Ziman, J.M., F.R.S. (1968). "Public Knowledge: An essay concerning the social dimension of science" (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-07-03.	{{cite paper | author = Williamson, John and Zagha… | title = From the Hindu Rate of Grow… | version = Working Paper No 144 | publisher = Center for Research on … | date = 2002 | url = http://scid.stanford.e…144.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2006-07-03 }} Williamson, John and Zagha, Roberto (2002). "From the Hindu Rate of Growth to the Hindu Rate of Reform" (PDF). Working Paper No. 144. Center for research on economic development and policy reform. Retrieved on 2006-07-03.
press release	{{cite press release}} Title	{{cite press release | title = | publisher = | date = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite press release | title = Nature compares W… | publisher = The Wikimedia… | date = [[2005-12-15]] | url = http://en.wikipedia… | accessdate = 2006-07-03 }} "Nature compares Wikipedia and Britannica" (Press release). The Wikimedia Foundation. 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2006-07-03. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)	{{cite press release | title = HFPA Announces Timetable fo… | publisher = [[Hollywood Foreign P…]] | date = [[2006-05-25]] | url = http://www.hfpa.org/news/id/32 | accessdate = 2006-06-13 }} "HFPA Announces Timetable for 64th Annual Golden Globe Awards" (Press release). Hollywood Foreign Press Association. 2006-05-25. Retrieved 2006-06-13. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
video	{{cite video}} people title	{{cite video | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | date = }}	{{cite video | people = Al-Issawi, Omar … | title = [http://www.imdb…] | medium = TV-Series | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om… | location = Lebanon | date = 2001 }} Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) (2001). Harab libnan (Television production). Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)	{{cite video | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock… | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005 }} Dick Cavett (2005). The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969) (DVD). Shout Factory.
television or radio  episode	{{cite episode}} title	{{cite episode | title = | episodelink = | series = | serieslink = | airdate = | season = | number = }}	{{cite episode | title = Tabula Rasa | episodelink = Tabula Rasa … | series = Lost | serieslink = Lost (TV Seri… | airdate = [[October 6]], [… | season = 1 | number = 3 }} "Tabula Rasa". Lost. [[October 6, 2004]]. No. 3, season 1.	{{cite episode | title = Duet | episodelink = Duet (Stargate Atlant… | series = Stargate Atlantis | serieslink = Stargate Atlantis | airdate = [[August 5]], [[2005]] | season = 2 | number = 4 }} "Duet". Stargate Atlantis. [[August 5, 2005]]. No. 4, season 2.
court case	{{cite court}}	{{cite court |litigants= |vol= |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court= |date= |url= }}	{{cite court |litigants=Roe v. Wade |vol=410 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=113 |pinpoint= |court= |date=1973 |url=http://www.law.corn… }}
map	{{cite map}} publisher title edition	{{cite map |publisher= |title= |url= |edition= |section= |accessdate= }}	{{cite map |publisher=Kansas Departmen… |title=Official State Trans… |url=http://www.ksdot.org/b… |edition=2005-2006 |section=F9 |accessdate=2007-03-30 }} Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2005-2006 ed.). Kansas Department of Transportation. § F9. Retrieved 2007-03-30.	{{cite map |publisher=Skelly Oil Company |title=Highway Map of Oklahoma |cartography=Diversified Map Co |edition=1966 |section=11C }} Highway Map of Oklahoma (Map) (1966 ed.). Cartography by Diversified Map Co. Skelly Oil Company. § 11C.
mailing list	{{cite mailing list}} title url	{{cite mailing list | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = | mailinglist = | date = | url = | accessdate = }}	{{cite mailing list |last=Murdock |first=Ian |authorlink=Ian Murdock |title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9… |mailinglist=debian-announce |date=[[1995-10-26]] |url=http://lists.debian.or… |accessdate=2007-04-20 }}

Comic/cartoon citations and other notes

What to type	What it makes
{{Comic book reference | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=[[November]], [[1961]] | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2 }} Notes This template allows for a cartoonist field to be used instead of the individual fields if there is a sole creator, as in Bone, or an artist field if the penciller and inker is the same person. The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide, 1999. See the talk page for more details and field explanations.	قالب:Comic book reference
{{Comic strip reference | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]] | strip=[[Steve Canyon]] | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=[[July 15]], [[1967]] | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1 }} Notes The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide, 1999. See the talk page for more details and field explanations.	قالب:Comic strip reference
{{Editorial cartoon reference | cartoonist=[[Steve Bell|Bell, Steve]] | cartoon=The alleged al-Qaida threat to Los Angeles | paper=The Guardian | date=10 February | year=2006 | page=29 | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/cartoons/stevebell/0,,1706884,00.html}} Notes The style of this template is based on Allen Ellis' Comic Art in Scholarly Writing: A Citation Guide, 1999. See the talk page for more details and field explanations.	قالب:Editorial cartoon reference
Harvard citation examples ( Template:Harvard citation) Based on related Harvard citation template (automatically creates a one-directional link to the first matching Harvard reference on the same page): {{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} (full cite format) {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}} (short format) {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ... (author's name part of text) {{Harvnb|Smith|1879}} (no braces) {{Harv|Jones|2006|loc=section 5|Ref=none}} (non-linking) {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|2007|pp=88–89}} (multi-author) Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. Their syntax is identical to the Harvard citation template: {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harvcol|Smith|1879|p=289}} {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}} asserts that ... {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879}} {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|2007|pp=88–89}} Notes For compatibility with various author-name referencing styles, Surname and Year are mandatory. If there is only one author, the parameters Surname and Given may be replaced with Last and First, respectively. Template is generally compatible with Template:Cite book, but this lacks the linking functionality provided by Template:Citation. See also Wikipedia:Harvard citation template examples	(Turner 1851, pp. 10–11) (Smith 1879, p. 289) Turner (1851) asserts that ... Smith 1879 (Jones 2006, section 5) (Lincoln, Washington & Adams 2007, pp. 88–89) Harvcol templates (Turner 1851:10–11) (Smith 1879:289) Blust (1999) asserts that ... Smith 1879 Lincoln, Washington & Adams 2007:88–89

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 See also

• Category:Citation templates
  • Template:Wikiref – makes a simple Harvard-style citation reference.
  • Template:Wikicite – makes a simple reference, for use in a "References" section.
  • Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference - common templates
• Wikipedia:Citing sources
• Wikipedia:Verifiability
• Wikipedia:Reliable sources
• WebCite – tool to archive webpages to allow stable citation links.