مستشار ألمانيا

Federal Chancellor the Federal Republic of Germany Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Logo
Standard of the Chancellor
الحالي Olaf Scholz منذ 8 ديسمبر 2021 (2021-12-08)
Executive branch of the Government
الأسلوب	Mr. Chancellor (informal) His Excellency (diplomatic)
الوضع	Head of government
عضو	Federal Cabinet المجلس الأوروپي
المقعد	Federal Chancellery, Berlin (main seat) Palais Schaumburg, بون (مقر ثانوي)
المرشـِّح	Bundestag
المعيـِّن	President of Germany upon election by the Bundestag
طول المدة	4 years, renewable
المجلس التمثيلي	German Basic Law (German Constitution)
الشاغل الافتتاحي	Konrad Adenauer
التشكل	24 مايو 1949 (1949-05-24
النائب	Vice Chancellor of Germany
الراتب	€255٬150 per year (اعتبارا من 2020)
الموقع الإلكتروني	bundeskanzler.de

لمعلومات عن a list of all office-holders، انظر List of Chancellors of Germany.

مستشار جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية (يُعرف في الألمانية باسم Bundeskanzler ("المستشار الاتحادي")، أو Kanzler اختصاراً) هو رئيس الحكومة الألمانية، يوصف نظام الحكم الألماني، بحق، بأنه "ديموقراطية المستشار". فالمستشار هو العضو الوحيد في الحكومة المنتخبة من البوندستاگ (البرلمان الألماني)، وهو وحده مسئول أمامه. وتجد هذه المسؤولية تعبيراً لها في ما يسمى "حجب الثقة البناء". ولقد تبنى القانون الأساسي هذه العبارة عن عمد مستفيدا من تجربة سابقة تهدف إلى منع مجموعات المعارضة، التي تتفق في ما بينها على رفض الحكومة دون الاتفاق على برنامج بديل، من أن تسقط الحكومة دون المقدرة على انتخاب حكومة بديلة. لذلك ينبغي على البرلمان عند حجب الثقة عن المستشار، أن ينتخب في الوقت نفسه بأكثرية اصواته خلفا له. لقد جرت حتى الآن محاولتان لإسقاط المستشار بناء على مبدأ حجب الثقة البناء لكن واحدة منها فقط تكللت بالنجاح: في عام 1982 حُجبت الثقة عن المستشار الاتحادي آنذاك هلموت شميت، وانتُخب المستشار هلموت كول خلفا له. أما حجب الثقة عن الوزراء الاتحاديين بصورة منفردة فلا ينص عليه القانون الأساسي.

كورت گيورگ كيزنگر، هلموت شميت، وڤيلي برانت عام 1979 في بون

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 تاريخ المنصب

ألمانيا

هذه المقالة هي جزء من سلسلة: سياسة وحكومة ألمانيا

الدستور الدستور حقوق الانسان السلطة التشريعية الميثاق الاتحادي (Bundesversammlung) المجلس الاتحادي (بوندسرات) الدايت الاتحادي (بوندستاگ) القضاء المحكمة الدستورية المحكمة الادارية محكمة العدل (الاختصاص العام) المحكمة المالية محكمة العمل المحكمة الاجتماعية السلطة التنفيذية رئيس ألمانيا هورست كولر المستشار أنگلا مركل مجلس الوزراء التقسيمات الولايات (Länder) الأقاليم الادارية (Regierungsbezirke) المناطق (Kreise) بلديات جماعية البلديات (Gemeinden) الانتخابات الانتخابات في ألمانيا الأحزاب السياسية السياسة الخارجية العلاقات الخارجية الاتحاد الاوروپي

دول أخرى • أطلس  بوابة السياسة

Willy Brandt talking at an SPD meeting in Dortmund, 1983

The office of Chancellor has a long history, stemming back to the Holy Roman Empire, when the office of German archchancellor was usually held by archbishops of Mainz. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Europe. The modern office of chancellor was established with the North German Confederation, of which Otto von Bismarck became Bundeskanzler (meaning "Federal Chancellor") in 1867. With the enlargement of this federal state to the German Empire in 1871, the title was renamed to Reichskanzler (meaning "Imperial Chancellor"). With Germany's constitution of 1949, the title of Bundeskanzler was revived.

The role of the chancellor has varied during the different eras. From 1867 to 1918, the chancellor was the only responsible minister at the federal level. He was appointed by the Bundespräsidium, (i.e. the Prussian king; since 1871 called Emperor). The state secretaries (Staatssekretäre) were civil servants subordinate to the chancellor and similar to ministers. Besides his executive duties, the constitution gave the chancellor only one function: presiding over the Bundesrat (Federal Council), the representative organ of the states (which together with the Reichstag was the Reich's lawmaking body). The chancellor was also nearly always minister president of Prussia. Indirectly, this gave him the power of the Bundesrat, including to dissolve parliament.

Although effective government was possible only in cooperation with the Reichstag, the results of the elections had at most an indirect influence on the chancellorship. Only in October 1918 was the constitution changed to require that the chancellor have the trust of parliament. Some two weeks later, Chancellor Max von Baden declared the abdication of the emperor and, although he lacked the constitutional authority, handed over his office to Friedrich Ebert of the revolutionary Council of the People's Deputies.

According to the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the chancellor was head of a collegial government. The chancellor was appointed by the Reich president, as were the ministers, on the chancellor's recommendation. The chancellor or any minister had to be dismissed if the Reichstag demanded it. As today, the chancellor had the prerogative to determine the guidelines of government. In reality this power was limited by the needs of coalition governments and the powers of the Reich president.

When the Nazis came to power on 30 January 1933, the Weimar Constitution was de facto set aside. After the death of President Hindenburg in 1934, Adolf Hitler, the dictatorial party leader and chancellor, took over the powers of the president. The new official title became Führer und Reichskanzler (meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor").

The 1949 constitution gave the chancellor much greater powers than during the Weimar Republic, while strongly diminishing the role of the president. Germany is today often referred to as a "chancellor democracy", reflecting the role of the chancellor as the country's chief executive.

Since 1867, 33 individuals have served as heads of government of Germany, West Germany, or Northern Germany, nearly all of them with the title of Chancellor.

Due to his administrative tasks, the head of the clerics at the chapel of an imperial palace during the Carolingian Empire was called chancellor (from لاتينية: cancellarius). The chapel's college acted as the Emperor's chancery issuing deeds and capitularies. From the days of Louis the German, the archbishop of Mainz was ex officio German archchancellor, a position he held until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, while de jure the archbishop of Cologne was chancellor of Italy and the archbishop of Trier of Burgundy. These three prince-archbishops were also prince-electors of the empire electing the King of the Romans. Already in medieval times, the German chancellor had political power like Archbishop Willigis (archchancellor 975–1011, regent for King Otto III of Germany 991–994) or Rainald von Dassel (Chancellor 1156–1162 and 1166–1167) under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

In 1559, Emperor Ferdinand I established the agency of an imperial chancellery (Reichshofkanzlei) at the Vienna Hofburg Palace, headed by a vice chancellor under the nominal authority of the Mainz archbishop. Upon the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, Emperor Ferdinand II created the office of an Austrian court chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the Habsburg monarchy. From 1753 onwards, the office of an Austrian state chancellor was held by Prince Kaunitz. The imperial chancellery lost its importance, and from the days of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, merely existed on paper. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince Metternich served as state chancellor of the Austrian Empire (1821–1848), likewise Prince Hardenberg acted as Prussian chancellor (1810–1822). The German Confederation of 1815–1866 did not have a government or parliament, only the Bundestag as representative organ of the states.

In the now-defunct German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position of head of government was called either Minister President (Ministerpräsident) or Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR (Vorsitzender des Ministerrats der DDR), which was the second powerful position under General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (See Leaders of East Germany).

 Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867–1870)

The head of the federal government of the North German Confederation, which was created on 1 July 1867, had the title Bundeskanzler. The only person to hold the office was Otto von Bismarck, the minister president of Prussia. The king, as holder of the Bundespräsidium, appointed him on 14 July.

Under the constitution of 1 January 1871, the king had the additional title of Emperor. The constitution still called the chancellor Bundeskanzler. This was changed in the new constitution of 16 April 1871 to Reichskanzler. Since the office remained the same, it was not necessary for Bismarck to be re-appointed.

 Chancellor of the German Reich

 Under the Emperor (1871–1918)

In the 1871 German Empire, the Reichskanzler ("Imperial Chancellor") served both as the emperor's first minister and as presiding officer of the Bundesrat, the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to Parliament (the Reichstag). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor.

The federal level had four organs:

• the king of Prussia in his federal constitutional role as bearer of the Bundespräsidium, since 1871 with the title of emperor
• the federal council (Bundesrat), consisting of representatives of the federal states and presided over by the chancellor
• the parliament, called der Reichstag
• the federal executive, first led by Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, as chancellor.

Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the Bundesrat and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both minister president and foreign minister of Prussia for virtually his entire tenure as chancellor of the empire, since he wanted to continue to exercise the power. Because Prussia controlled seventeen votes in the Bundesrat, Bismarck could effectively control the proceedings by making deals with the smaller states.

The term chancellor signalled the seemingly low priority of this institution compared to the governments of the German states, because the new chancellor of the federal empire should not be a full-fledged prime minister, in contrast to the heads of the states. The title of chancellor additionally symbolized a strong monarchist, bureaucratic, and ultimately antiparliamentary component, as in the Prussian tradition of, for instance, Hardenberg.

In both of these aspects, the executive of the federation, and then empire, as it was formed in 1867 and 1871, was deliberately different from the Imperial Ministry of the revolutionary years 1848–49, which had been led by a prime minister elected by the National Assembly.

In 1871, the concept of the federal chancellor was transferred to the executive of the newly formed German Empire, which now also contained the South German states. Here too, the terms of “chancellor” and "federal agency" (as opposed to "ministry" or "government") suggested an (apparent) lower priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918.

The constitution of Germany was altered on 29 October 1918, when the parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. However, the change could not prevent the outbreak of a revolution a few days later.

 Revolutionary period (1918–1919)

On 9 November 1918, Chancellor Max von Baden handed over his office of chancellor to Friedrich Ebert. Ebert continued to serve as head of government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the Weimar National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of chancellor.

During that time, Ebert also served as chairman of the "Council of the People's Deputies", until 29 December 1918 together with the Independent Social Democrat Hugo Haase.

 Weimar Republic (1919–1933)

انظر أيضاً: List of chancellors of Germany § Weimar Republic (1918–1933)

The office of chancellor (Reichskanzler) was continued in the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Constitution provided for a two-part executive consisting of a Reich president and a government made up of Reich ministers and a Reich chancellor (Article 52) who determined the guidelines of the government's policy (Article 56).

The constitution stipulated that the president appoint and dismiss the chancellor and ministers. The ministers were appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor (Article 53), and members of the government required the confidence of the Reichstag (Article 54). The provisions gave rise to the question of who in fact was responsible for forming the government.

Constitutional law expert Ernst Rudolf Huber said that the constitution had tacitly assumed that the president would have discussions with party leaders in the Reichstag before he made ministerial appointments. Based on these talks, the president would get a sense of which potential chancellor would be able to build a stable majority in the Reichstag. According to the sense of the Weimar Constitution, the president was thus to have the initiative. The task of putting together the Reich government was nevertheless the responsibility of the chancellor. The president could not appoint anyone as minister whom the chancellor had not proposed.

The chancellor alone had to answer to the Reichstag and the president for the policy guidelines, and he determined whether the conduct of business by the individual Reich ministries conformed to the guidelines. The government's decisions required a majority vote of the ministers, who sitting together were known as the National Ministry (Article 58). The chancellor could therefore be outvoted, as could a department minister. The chancellor presided over the government, and he had to conduct business in accordance with given rules of procedure.

In practice the Reich chancellor's power to determine political guidelines was limited by his own party as well as the other parties in the governing coalition. The Weimar chancellors were accordingly men whose strength lay in mediation rather than political initiative. Constitutionally, there was also the fact that the president had certain special rights. The actions of the president required the countersignature of the chancellor or the minister or ministers concerned, but the president always had to be informed about matters of foreign and defense policy.

The Reichstag could call for the dismissal of any member of the government, including the chancellor. Under Articles 54 and 59, the Reichstag could also impeach the chancellor as well as the ministers and the president before the State Court for the German Reich (Staatsgerichtshof für das Deutsche Reich), the Weimar Republic's constitutional court.

  Nazi Germany (1933–1945)

المقالة الرئيسية: Government of Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 by Paul von Hindenburg. On taking office, Hitler immediately began accumulating power and changing the nature of the chancellorship. After only two months in office, and following the burning of the Reichstag building, the parliament passed the Enabling Act giving the chancellor full legislative powers for a period of four years – the chancellor could introduce any law without consulting Parliament. The powers of the chancellor continued to grow until August 1934, when the incumbent President Paul von Hindenburg died. Hitler used the Enabling Act to merge the office of chancellor with that of the president to create a new office, "the leader" (or Führer).

Although the offices were merged, Hitler continued to be addressed as "Führer und Reichskanzler" indicating that the head of state and head of government were still separate positions, albeit held by the same person, although the title of "Reichskanzler" was quietly dropped. This separation was made more evident when, in April 1945, Hitler gave instruction that upon his death, the office of the Führer would dissolve and be replaced by the previous system of administration: that of the office of the President separate from that of Chancellor. On 30 April 1945, when Hitler committed suicide, he was briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels and as President of Germany by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz. When Goebbels also committed suicide, Dönitz appointed Count Schwerin von Krosigk as head of government with the title "Leading Minister".

البوندسكانتسلرآمت Bundeskanzleramt (القنصلية) في برلين هو مقر المستشار

قصر شاومبورگ في بون هو المقر الثاني لاقامة المستشار

 مستشار جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية (منذ 1949)

قالب:Timeline federal chancellors of Germany

The 1949 German constitution, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate government policy. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". Whichever major party (CDU/CSU or SPD) does not hold the chancellorship usually calls its leading candidate for the federal election "chancellor-candidate" (Kanzlerkandidat). The federal government (Bundesregierung) consists of the chancellor and cabinet ministers.

The Chancellor's Office in Berlin

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 Role

West Germany's 1949 constitution, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) with central executive authority. Since the 1961 election, the two major parties (CDU/CSU and SPD) call their leading candidates for the federal election "chancellor-candidate" (Kanzlerkandidat), although this is not an official term and any party can nominate a Kanzlerkandidat (even if that party has no chance at all of leading or even becoming part of a government coalition). The Federal Government (Bundesregierung) consists of the Federal Chancellor and their cabinet ministers, called Bundesminister (Federal Ministers).

The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and from their status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag ("Federal Diet", the lower house of the German Federal Parliament). With the exception of Helmut Schmidt, Gerhard Schröder (from 2004 to 2005) and Angela Merkel (since 2018) the chancellor has usually also been chairman of their own party.

The first chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, set many precedents that continue today and established the chancellorship as the clear focus of power in Germany. Under the provisions of the Basic Law giving him the power to set guidelines for all fields of policy, Adenauer arrogated nearly all major decisions to himself. He often treated his ministers as mere extensions of his authority rather than colleagues. While his successors have tended to be less domineering, the chancellor has acquired enough ex officio authority (in addition to his/her constitutional powers) that Germany is often described by constitutional law experts as a "chancellor democracy".

The cabinet bench in the Reichstag building (to the left of the flag) with the raised seat of the chancellor in the front row

The chancellor determines the composition of the Federal Cabinet. The President formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, on the recommendation of the chancellor; no parliamentary approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor Ludwig Erhard had the largest cabinet, with 22 ministers, in the mid-1960s. Helmut Kohl presided over 17 ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994; the 2002 cabinet, the second of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, had 13 ministers, and the Angela Merkel cabinet as of 22 November 2005 had 15.

Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions:

• The "chancellor principle" makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies; this is also known as the Richtlinienkompetenz (roughly translated as "guideline setting competence"). Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellor's broader guidelines.
• The "principle of ministerial autonomy" entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister's policies are consistent with the chancellor's broader guidelines.
• The "cabinet principle" calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.

 نائب المستشار

The 18th Vice-Chancellor of Germany, Olaf Scholz

The Chancellor must appoint one of the cabinet ministers as Vice Chancellor, who may deputise for the Chancellor, if they are absent or unable to perform their duties. Although the Chancellor is theoretically free to choose any cabinet minister as Vice Chancellor, he or she prefers, in coalition governments the Vice Chancellor is usually the highest-ranking minister of the second biggest coalition party.

If the Chancellor's term in office ends or if they resign, the Bundestag has to elect a new Chancellor. The President of Germany may ask the former Chancellor to act as Chancellor until a new office holder is elected, but if they are unwilling or unable to do so, the President may also appoint the Vice Chancellor as Acting Chancellor until a successor is elected. This has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor Willy Brandt resigned as a consequence of the Guillaume Affair, an espionage scandal. In his letter of resignation to President Gustav Heinemann he wrote:

Dear Mr. President, I take the political responsibility for mishandlings in context of the espionage affair "Guillaume" and declare my resignation from the office of Chancellor. At the same time, I ask you to accept my resignation immediately and to appoint my deputy, Federal Minister Scheel, as Acting Chancellor, until a successor is elected. Sincerely, Willy Brandt.

President Heinemann followed the request. Walter Scheel was appointed as Acting Chancellor and served for nine days until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May 1974.

The 18th and current Vice Chancellor of Germany is Olaf Scholz, who also serves as Federal Minister of Finance in the Fourth Merkel cabinet.

 قائمة المستشارين (منذ 1949)

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of chancellors of Germany § Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)

Political party:   CDU   SPD

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Vice Chancellor	Cabinets
			Term	Time in office
1		Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)	September 15, 1949 – October 16, 1963	14 years, 31 days	CDU	Franz Blücher (1949–1957) Ludwig Erhard (1957–1963)	Adenauer I Adenauer II Adenauer III Adenauer IV
2		Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)	October 16, 1963 – December 1, 1966	3 years, 46 days	CDU	Erich Mende (1963–1966) Hans-Christoph Seebohm (1966)	Erhard I Erhard II
3		Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904–1988)	December 1, 1966 – October 22, 1969	2 years, 325 days	CDU	Willy Brandt (1966–1969)	Kiesinger
4		Willy Brandt (1913–1992)	October 22, 1969 – May 7, 1974	4 years, 197 days	SPD	Walter Scheel (1969–1974)	Brandt I Brandt II
Vice Chancellor Walter Scheel served as acting Chancellor from 7 May to 16 May 1974.
5		Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015)	May 16, 1974 – October 1, 1982	8 years, 138 days	SPD	Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1974–1982) Egon Franke (1982)	Schmidt I Schmidt II Schmidt III
6		Helmut Kohl (1930–2017)	October 1, 1982 – October 27, 1998	16 years, 26 days	CDU	Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1982–1992) Jürgen Möllemann (1992–1993) Klaus Kinkel (1993–1998)	Kohl I Kohl II Kohl III Kohl IV Kohl V
7		Gerhard Schröder (b. 1944)	October 27, 1998 – November 22, 2005	7 years, 26 days	SPD	Joschka Fischer (1998–2005)	Schröder I Schröder II
8		Angela Merkel (b. 1954)	November 22, 2005 – December 8, 2021	16 years, 16 days	CDU	Franz Müntefering (2005–2007) Frank-Walter Steinmeier (2007–2009) Guido Westerwelle (2009–2011) Philipp Rösler (2011–2013) Sigmar Gabriel (2013–2018) Olaf Scholz (2018–2021)	Merkel I Merkel II Merkel III Merkel IV
9		Olaf Scholz (b. 1958)	December 8, 2021 – Incumbent	3 years, 9 days	SPD	Robert Habeck (Incumbent)	Scholz

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 قائمة نواب المستشارين (1949–الحاضر)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Cabinet	Portfolio
			Term	Time in office
1		Franz Blücher (1896–1959)	September 20, 1949 – October 29, 1957	8 years, 30 days	FDP	Adenauer I Adenauer II	Marshall Plan/Economic Cooperation
2		Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)	October 29, 1957 – October 16, 1963	5 years, 362 days	CDU	Adenauer III Adenauer IV	Economic Affairs
3		Erich Mende (1916–1998)	October 17, 1963 – October 28, 1966	3 years, 10 days	FDP	Erhard I Erhard II	Intra-German Relations
The office was vacant from 28 October to 8 November 1966.
4		Hans-Christoph Seebohm (1903–1967)	November 8, 1966 – December 1, 1966	35 days	CDU	Erhard II	Transport
5		Willy Brandt (1913–1992)	December 1, 1966 – October 22, 1969	2 years, 325 days	SPD	Kiesinger	Foreign Affairs
6		Walter Scheel (1919–2016)	October 22, 1969 – May 16, 1974	4 years, 207 days	FDP	Brandt I Brandt II	Foreign Affairs
7		Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1927–2016) 1st term	May 17, 1974 – September 17, 1982	8 years, 123 days	FDP	Schmidt I Schmidt II Schmidt III	Foreign Affairs
8		Egon Franke (1913–1995)	September 17, 1982 – October 1, 1982	14 days	SPD	Schmidt III	Intra-German Relations
The office was vacant from 1 October to 4 October 1982.
9		Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1927–2016) 2nd term	October 4, 1982 – May 18, 1992	9 years, 230 days	FDP	Kohl I Kohl II Kohl III Kohl IV	Foreign Affairs
10		Jürgen Möllemann (1945–2003)	May 18, 1992 – January 21, 1993	249 days	FDP	Kohl IV	Economic Affairs
11		Klaus Kinkel (1936–2019)	January 21, 1993 – October 27, 1998	5 years, 279 days	FDP	Kohl IV Kohl V	Foreign Affairs
12		Joschka Fischer (b. 1948)	October 27, 1998 – November 22, 2005	7 years, 26 days	Alliance 90/The Greens	Schröder I Schröder II	Foreign Affairs
13		Franz Müntefering (b. 1940)	November 22, 2005 – November 21, 2007	1 years, 364 days	SPD	Merkel I	Labour and Social Affairs
14		Frank-Walter Steinmeier (b. 1956)	November 21, 2007 – October 27, 2009	1 years, 340 days	SPD	Merkel I	Foreign Affairs
15		Guido Westerwelle (1961–2016)	October 27, 2009 – May 16, 2011	1 years, 201 days	FDP	Merkel II	Foreign Affairs
16		Philipp Rösler (b. 1973)	May 16, 2011 – December 17, 2013	2 years, 215 days	FDP	Merkel II	Economic Affairs
17		Sigmar Gabriel (b. 1959)	December 17, 2013 – March 14, 2018	4 years, 87 days	SPD	Merkel III	Economic Affairs (2013–2017) Foreign Affairs (2017–2018)
18		Olaf Scholz (b. 1958)	March 14, 2018 – December 8, 2021	3 years, 269 days	SPD	Merkel IV	Finance
19		Robert Habeck (b. 1969)	December 8, 2021 – Incumbent	3 years, 9 days	Alliance 90/The Greens	Scholz	Economic Affairs and Climate Protection

 آلية الانتخاب

The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag and formally appointed by the president of Germany. A chancellor's election is necessary whenever the office of Chancellor has fallen vacant. This is the case if a newly elected Bundestag meets for the first time, or if the chancellor dies or resigns.

The chancellor's election (in the first two voting phases) is one of the few cases in which a vote in the Bundestag requires a majority of all elected members, not just a majority of those assembled at the time, or the so-called Kanzlermehrheit ("chancellor majority"). As with other elections performed by the Bundestag, the chancellor is elected via secret ballot. The process begins with the President of Germany proposing a candidate to the Bundestag (A formality, as they are usually a candidate on which majority parties have agreed to beforehand), who is then voted upon without debate ("1st voting phase"). If this nominee is not elected, the parliamentary groups in the Bundestag may, during the following 14 days, propose their own nominees, who also have to be elected with the "chancellor-majority" ("2nd voting phase"). If no chancellor has been elected within this period, the Bundestag will hold one last ballot on the 15th day after the first ballot, to which (like in the 2nd voting phase) the parliamentary groups may put forward candidates ("3rd voting phase"): If any candidate reaches the "chancellor majority", the President of Germany is obliged to appoint them. If not, the president may either appoint as chancellor the candidate who received a plurality of votes (de facto allowing formation of a minority government) or call new elections for the Bundestag within 60 days.

Another possibility to vote a new chancellor into office is the constructive vote of no confidence, which allows the Bundestag to replace a sitting chancellor, if it elects a new chancellor with the "chancellor-majority" (see below).

As of 2021, all chancellors of the federal republic have been (re-)elected on proposal of the President and on the first ballot with the sole exception of Helmut Kohl, who was elected to his first term via a constructive vote of no confidence against Helmut Schmidt.

 الثقة

المقالة الرئيسية: Constructive vote of no confidence

Unlike in other parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor with a traditional motion of no confidence. Instead, the removal of a chancellor is only possible if a majority of the Bundestag members agree on a successor, who is then immediately sworn in as new chancellor. This procedure is called "constructive motion of no confidence" (konstruktives Misstrauensvotum) and was created to avoid the situation that existed in the Weimar Republic, when it was easier to gather a parliament majority willing to remove a government in office than to find a majority capable of supporting a new stable government.

In order to garner legislative support in the Bundestag, the chancellor can also ask for a motion of confidence (Vertrauensfrage, literally "question of trust"), either combined with a legislative proposal or as a standalone vote. If such a vote fails, the chancellor may ask the president for the dissolution of the Bundestag.

 المقر الرئيسي

Since 2001, the official seat of the chancellor is the Federal Chancellery in Berlin (Bundeskanzleramt). The former seat of the Federal Chancellery, the Palais Schaumburg in the former capital Bonn, now serves as a secondary official seat. The chancellor's country retreat is Schloss Meseberg in the state of Brandenburg.

The private lodging of the chancellors at Bonn has previously been the Chancellor's bungalow built by Ludwig Erhard in the park of Palais Schaumburg, while his predecessor Konrad Adenauer used to live in his private house near Bonn. Under Adenauer, the government had also acquired a villa in Dahlem in 1962, a suburban district of southwestern Berlin, as a pied-a-terre of the chancellors in West-Berlin. Gerhard Schröder lived there between 1999 and 2001. Since 2004 it has however served as a private residence for the Presidents of Germany. Angela Merkel preferred to live with her husband in her private apartment downtown.

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  The Federal Chancellery, Berlin

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  Palais Schaumburg, Bonn

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  Schloss Meseberg, Gransee

 انظر أيضاً

• سياسة ألمانيا
• تاريخ ألمانيا
• رئيس ألمانيا
• زعماء ألمانيا الشرقية
• مستشار ألمانيا (الرايخ الألماني)
• List of German Chancellors by longevity
• List of Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany by time in office
• قائمة زعماء الدول

 وصلات خارجية

• Official site of German Chancellor (German and English)