اللهجة القبائلية

Kabyle
Taqbaylit
موطنها	Algeria; immigrant communities in France, Belgium, Canada and elsewhere
العرق	Kabyle people
الناطقون الأصليون	5 million in Algeria (2012)e17 Half a million elsewhere
عائلة اللغات	الأفرو-آسيوية Berber Northern Berber Kabyle
نظام الكتابة	Berber Latin alphabet
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	kab
ISO 639-2	kab
ISO 639-3	kab
Kabyle-speaking areas

اللهجة القبائلية (قبايلي؛ الأسماء المحلية: تاقبايليت، قالب:IPA-tam؛ تمازيغت تاقبايليت، أو تازواوت) هي لهجة من لهجات اللغة الأمازيغية، يتحدثها سكان منطقة القبائل بشمال الجزائر إلى جانب الجاليات القبائلية بدول أروبا الغربية. يقدر عدد المتحدثين بها بأكثر من 7 ملايين في منطقة القبائل ، و بأكثر من 10 ملايين في بقية أنحاء العالم. هي اللهجة الأمازيغية الأكثر انتشارا بعد لهجة تاشلحيت (بجنوب المغرب).

في الجزائر، هي اللهجة الأمازيغية الأولى من حيث عدد المتحدثين، تتبعها اللهجة الشاوية.

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 Phonology

هذه المقالة تحتوي على IPA phonetic symbols. بدون دعم العرض المناصب، فقد ترى علامات استفهام، مربعات، أو رموز أخرى بدلاً من Unicode characters.

The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Kabyle.

 Vowels

Kabyle has three phonemic vowels:

Tamazight vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Open		a

⟨e⟩ is used to write the epenthetic schwa vowel [ə] which occurs frequently in Kabyle. Historically it is thought to be the result of a pan-Berber reduction or merger of three other vowels.

The phonetic realization of the vowels, especially /a/, is influenced by the character of the surrounding consonants; emphatic consonants invite a more open realization of the vowel, e.g. aẓru = [azˤru] 'stone' vs. amud = [æmud] 'seed'. Often /a, i, u/ are realized as [æ, ɪ, ʊ]

 Consonants

Kabyle consonant phonemes

		Bilabial		Labio- dental	Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
		plain	lab.		plain	emph.	plain	emph.	plain	emph.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Stop and Affricate	voiceless				t [t]	ṭ [tˤ]	tt [ts]		č [tʃ]				k [k]	k [kʷ]	q [q]	q [qʷ]
	voiced	b [b]	b [bʷ]		d [d]		zz [dz]		ǧ [dʒ]				g [ɡ]	g [ɡʷ]
Fricative	voiceless			f [f]	t [θ]		s [s]	ṣ [sˤ]	c [ʃ]	c [ʃˤ]	k [ç]	k [çʷ]			x [χ]	x [χʷ]	ḥ [ħ]	h [h]
	voiced	b [β]			d [ð]	ḍ [ðˤ]	z [z]	ẓ [zˤ]	j [ʒ]	j [ʒˤ]	g [ʝ]	g [ʝʷ]			ɣ [ʁ]	ɣ [ʁʷ]	ɛ [ʕ]
Nasal		m [m]			n [n]
Trill					r [r]	ṛ [rˤ]
Approximant	central										y [j]			w [w]
	lateral				l [l]	l [ɫ]

 Fricatives vs. Stops

Kabyle is mostly composed of fricatives, phonemes which are originally stops in other Berber languages, but in writing there is no difference between fricatives and stops. Below is a list of fricatives vs. stops and when they are pronounced (note that gemination turns fricatives into stops).

Consonant	B	D	G	K	T
Fricative	/β/ Sound sample	/ð/ Sound sample	/ʝ/ Sound sample	/ç/ Sound sample	/θ/ Sound sample
Stop	/b/	/d/	/ɡ/	/k/	/t/
Is a stop after	m	l,n	b,j,r,z,ɛ	f,b,s,l,r,n,ḥ,c,ɛ	l,n
Is a stop in the words (and their derivatives)			ngeb, ngeḥ, ngeẓwer, angaẓ, ngedwi, nages,ngedwal

 النحو

 الأفعال

Verb	Preterite	ad + aorist	Intensive aorist
If (to outdo)	ifeɣ	ad ifeɣ	ttifeɣ
Muqel (to observe)	muqleɣ	ad muqleɣ	ttmuquleɣ
Krez (to plough)	kerzeɣ	ad kerzeɣ	kerrzeɣ

• "Strong verbs" or "irregular verbs":

Verb	Preterite	ad + aorist	Intensive aorist
Aru (to write)	uriɣ	ad aruɣ	ttaruɣ

Kabyle subject affixes

Person		sg.	pl.
1		...-ɣ	n-...
2	m	t-...-ḍ	t-...-m
	f		t-...-mt
3	m	i/y-...	...-n
	f	t-...	...-nt

Verbs are conjugated for person by adding affixes. These suffixes are static and identical for all tenses (only the theme changes). The epenthetic vowel e may be inserted between the affix and the verb. Verbs are always marked for subject and may also inflect for person of direct and indirect object.

Examples

« Yuɣ-it. » – "He bought it." (He.bought-it)

« Yenna-yas. » – "He said to him." (He.said-to.him)

« Yefka-yas-t. » – "He gave it to him." (He.gave-to.him-it)

Kabyle is a satellite-framed based language, Kabyle verbs use two particles to show the path of motion:

• d orients toward the speaker, and could be translated as "here".
• n orients toward the interlocutor or toward a certain place, and could be translated as "there".

Examples:

• « iruḥ-d » (he came), « iruḥ-n » (he went).
• « awi-d aman» (bring the water), « awi-n aman » (carry away the water).

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 الضمائر

Pronouns may either occur as standalone words or bound to nouns or verbs.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	nkk / nekki / nkkini	nkkni / nkkwni
1st (f)	nkk / nkkini	nkknti
2nd (m)	kčč / kčči / kččini	kunwi / knwi
2nd (f)	kmm / kmmi / kmmini	kunnmti / knnmti
3rd (m)	ntta / nttan / nttani	nutni / nitni
3rd (f)	nttat	nutnti / nitnti

Example : « Ula d nekk. » – "Me too."

Possessive pronouns are bound to the modified noun.

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	(i)w / inu / nnu	nnɣ
1st (f)	(i)w / inu / nnu	nntɣ
2nd (m)	(i)k / ink / nnk	nwn
2nd (f)	(i)m / inm / nnm	nknt
3rd (m)	(i)s / ins / nns	nsn
3rd (f)	(i)s / ins	nsnt

Example : « Axxam-nnɣ. » – "Our house." (House-our)

There are three demonstratives, near-deictic ('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence. They may either be suffixed to nouns, or appear in isolation. Examples: « Axxam-a / Axxam-agi» – "This house.", (House-this), «Wagi yelha» – "This is nice." (This is-nice).

 ببليوجرافيا

• Achab, R. : 1996 – La néologie lexicale berbère (1945–1995), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 1996.
• Achab, R. : 1998 – Langue berbère. Introduction à la notation usuelle en caractères latins, Paris, Editions Hoggar.
• F. Amazit-Hamidchi & M. Lounaci : Kabyle de poche, Assimil, France, ISBN 2-7005-0324-4
• (بالفرنسية) Benchabane, A. (2005). "Bouteflika ébranle la Kabylie". Algeria-Watch. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
• Creissels, Denis (2006). "The construct form of nouns in African languages: a typological approach" in 36th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics.. Retrieved on 2010-03-21. 
• Dallet, Jean-Marie. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.
• Hamid Hamouma. n.d. Manuel de grammaire berbère (kabyle). Paris: Edition Association de Culture Berbère.
• Kamal Nait-Zerrad. Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit. Editions KARTHALA, 2001. ISBN 978-2-84586-172-5
• Lucas, Christopher (2007b), "Jespersen's Cycle in Arabic and Berber", Transactions of the Philological Society 105 (3), http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/cbl23/revisedjesaraber.pdf, retrieved on 2010-03-22 
• Mammeri, M. : 1976 – Tajerrumt n tmaziɣt (tantala taqbaylit), Maspero, Paris.
• Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1994 – Manuel de conjugaison kabyle (le verbe en berbère), L’Harmattan, Paris.
• Naït-Zerrad, K. : 1995 – Grammaire du berbère contemporain, I – Morphologie, ENAG, Alger.
• Salem Chaker. 1983. Un parler berbère d'Algérie (Kabyle): syntax. Provence: Université de Provence.
• Tizi-Wwuccen. Méthode audio-visuelle de langue berbère (kabyle), Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1986.

 وصلات خارجية

اللهجة القبائلية edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Map of Kabyle language from the LL-Map Project
• Kabyle Music
• INALCO report on Kabyle, see also [1] and [2] (fr)
• Negative Preterite, The negative preterite in Kabyle Berber.
• Kabyle on globalrecordings.net

 Websites in Kabyle

• Kabylia observer/.
• imyura.com.
• tamazight.fr.
• tamusni.org.
• MAK, Timanit i Tmurt n Iqvayliyen
• Kabylpedia.

 Online dictionaries

• Kabyle–French and French–Kabyle dictionary
• MAK
• Danoun.
• Glossary of nelogisms by imedyazen.