الكالابري
| Calabrian | |
|---|---|
| 1.80 – 0.774 Ma | |
| Chronology | |
| Etymology | |
| Name formality | Formal |
| Usage information | |
| Celestial body | Earth |
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) |
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale |
| Definition | |
| Chronological unit | Age |
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage |
| Time span formality | Formal |
| Lower boundary definition | Approximately 8 m after the end of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai) |
| Lower boundary GSSP | Vrica Section, Calabria, Italy 39°02′19″N 17°08′05″E / 39.0385°N 17.1348°E |
| GSSP ratified | 5 December 2011 (as base of Calabrian)[3] |
| Upper boundary definition | 1.1 m below the directional midpoint of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal |
| Upper boundary GSSP | Chiba, Japan 35°17′39″N 140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E |
| GSSP ratified | 2020[4] |
Calabrian is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch of the geologic time scale, defined as 1.8 Ma—774,000 years ago ± 5,000 years, a period of ~.
The end of the stage is defined by the last magnetic pole reversal (781 ± 5 Ka) and plunge into an ice age and global drying possibly colder and drier than the late Miocene (Messinian) through early Pliocene (Zanclean) cold period.[5] Originally the Calabrian was a European faunal stage primarily based on mollusk fossils. It has become the second geologic age in the Early Pleistocene. Many of the mammalian faunal assemblages of the Early Pleistocene start in the Gelasian. For example, the Platygonus and other Blancan fauna appear first in the Gelasian.
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History of the definition of the Calabrian
Because sea shells are much more abundant as fossils, 19th- and early-20th-century geo-scientists used the plentiful and well-differentiable Mollusca (mollusks) and Brachiopods to identify stratigraphic boundaries. Thus the Calabrian was originally defined as an assemblage of mollusk fossils, most brachiopods being extinct by then. Efforts were then made to find the best representation of that assemblage in a stratigraphic section. By 1948 scientists used the initial appearance of cool-water (northern) invertebrate faunas in Mediterranean marine sediments as the beginning marker for the Calabrian. The 18th International Geological Congress in London (1948) placed the base of the Pleistocene at the base of the marine strata of the Calabrian Faunal Stage and denominated a type section in southern Italy. However, it was discovered that the original type section was discontinuous at that point and that the base of the Calabrian Stage as defined by fauna assemblages extended to earlier levels within the Pleistocene. A new type section was chosen, several miles from the original one, at Vrica, 4 km south of Crotone in Calabria, southern Italy. Analysis of strontium and oxygen isotopes as well as of planktonic foraminifera has confirmed the viability of the current type section. The 27th International Geological Congress in Moscow in 1984 formally ratified the type section. The starting date was originally thought to be about 1.65 million years ago, but has been recalculated as 1.806 Mya.[6]
Present formal definition
The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, GSSP, for the former[7] start of the Pleistocene is in a reference section at Vrica, 4 km south of Crotone in Calabria, Southern Italy, a location whose exact dating has recently been confirmed by analysis of strontium and oxygen isotopes as well as by planktonic foraminifera.[8]
The beginning of the Calabrian hence is defined as: Just above top of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai) and the extinction level of calcareous nannofossil Discoaster brouweri (base Zone CN13). Above the boundary are the lowest occurrence of calcareous nannofossil medium Gephyrocapsa spp. and the extinction level of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides extremus.[6]
The end of the Calabrian is defined as the Brunhes–Matuyama magnetic reversal event.[8][9]
See also
Notes
- ^ Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- ^ Mike Walker; et al. (December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)" (PDF). Episodes. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS). 41 (4): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ Cita, Maria; Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2012). "Formal ratification of the GSSP for the base of the Calabrian Stage (second stage of the Pleistocene Series, Quaternary System)". Episodes. 35 (3): 388–397. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/001. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ A chronology of Pliocene sea-level fluctuations, U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, p. 163–174.
- ^ أ ب قالب:GeoWhen
- ^ In 2009 the Gelasian was included within the Pleistocene, making the Calabrian the second stage in the Pleistocene. Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C. (2009). "Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma". Journal of Quaternary Science. 25 (2): 96. doi:10.1002/jqs.1338. S2CID 54629809. abstract
- ^ أ ب Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004) “The Neogene Period”. In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), Geologic Time Scale Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
- ^ Cita, Maria Bianca; et al. (2008). "The Calabrian stage redefined". Episodes. 31 (4): 408–419. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i4/006.
References
| الرابع | ||
|---|---|---|
| پلايستوسين | هولوسين | |
| مبكر | أوسط | متأخر | قبل البوريال | بوريال | أطلسي | بعد البوريال | بعد الأطلسي | |