الخشب الأسود الأفريقي

الخشب الأسود الأفريقي
Dalbergia melanoxylon.jpg
التصنيف العلمي edit
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): الحياة
مملكة: النبات
Clade: كاسيات البذور
Clade: ثنائيات الفلقة الحقيقية
الفرع الحيوي: ورديات (صُفيف)
تحت الفصيلة: البقولية
الجنس: ساسم
Species:
D. melanoxylon
Binomial name
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Synonyms[2]
  • Amerimnon melanoxylon (گيل. وپـِر.) Kuntze
  • Amerimnon stocksii (بنث.) Kuntze
  • Dalbergia stocksii بنث.

الخشب الأسود الأفريقي (Dalbergia melanoxylon، باللاتينية: Dalbergia melanoxylon، أو گرناديلا أو مپينگو)، هو نوع من النباتات المزهرة ضمن الفصيلة البقولية، موطنه الأصلي المناطق الجافة موسمياً في أفريقيا من السنغال شرقاً إلى إرتريا، إلى المناطق الجنوبية في تنزانيا إلى موزمبيق وجنوباً إلى المناطق الشمالية الشرقية من جنوب أفريقيا. تعتبر أشجار الخشب الأسود الأفريقي من أنواع الخشب المنشور الهامة في مناطقها الأصلية؛ وتستخدم في صناعة الآلات الموسيقية،[3] منحوتات الڤينياگو باللغة السواحيلية والأثاث الفاخر. تتعرض الأعداد والموارد الجينومية اللازمة للحفاظ على التنوع الحيوي الجيني في أجزاء من موطنها الأصلي للتهديد بسبب الاستغلال المفرط نظراً لضعف أو غياب التخطيط للحفاظ على الأنواع وانخفاض معدلات إنباتها.[3]

الخشب الأسود الأفريقي هي شجرة صغيرة يصل ارتفاعها من 4 إلى 15 متراً، ولها لحاء رمادي وبراعم شوكية. الأوراق نفضية في موسم الجفاف، طولها 6-22 سم، مركبة ريشية، بها 6-9 وريقات مرتبة بالتناوب. الأزهار بيضاء اللون وتنتج في مجموعات كثيفة. الثمرة عبارة عن بقل طوله 3-7 سم، يحتوي على بذرة إلى بذرتين. يشتهر الخشب الأسود الأفريقي بأنه من أغلى أنواع الأخشاب في العالم.

الاستخدامات

الخشب الأسود الأفريقي.

The dense, lustrous wood ranges in colour from reddish to pure black. It is generally cut into small billets or logs with its sharply demarcated bright yellow-white sapwood left on to assist in the slow drying so as to prevent cracks developing. Good quality "A" grade African blackwood commands high prices on the commercial timber market. The timber is used mainly because of its machinability, density, dimensional stability, and moisture repellence. Those properties are particularly valued when used in woodwind instruments, principally clarinets, oboes, transverse flutes, piccolos, recorders, Highland pipes, and Northumbrian pipes.[4] The Deering Banjo Company uses blackwood ("grenadilla") to construct the tone ring in its John Hartford-model banjo because it weighs less than brass or bronze tone rings, and that the wood "plays in" (improves in tone) with use. Furniture makers from ancient Egypt on have valued this timber. A story states that it has even been used as ballast in trading ships and that some enterprising Northumbrian pipe makers used old discarded blackwood ballast to great effect. The German knife companies Wüsthof, Böker and J. A. Henckels sell knives with blackwood handles due to the wood's moisture repellent qualities.

Due to overuse, the mpingo tree is severely threatened in Kenya and is needing attention in Tanzania and Mozambique. The trees are being harvested at an unsustainable rate, partly because of illegal smuggling of the wood into Kenya, but also because the tree takes upwards of 60 years to mature.

African blackwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world, along with sandalwood, pink ivory, agarwood and ebony.[5][6]


علاقته بالأخشاب الأخرى

الأسماء

Other names by which the tree is known include babanus and grenadilla, which appear as loanwords in various local English dialects.

الحفاظ

There are multiple organisations involved in the conservation of African blackwood: the Mpingo Conservation & Development Initiative, the African Blackwood Conservation Project, and Daraja Music Initiative (formerly Clarinets for Conservation).

The Mpingo Conservation & Development Initiative (MCDI, formerly the Mpingo Conservation Project) is involved in research, awareness raising and practical conservation of African blackwood. Conservation of mpingo and its natural habitat can be achieved by ensuring that local people living in mpingo harvesting areas receive a fair share of the revenue created, thus providing them with an incentive to manage the habitat in an environmentally friendly manner. In order to achieve this, the MCDI is helping communities to get Forest Stewardship Certification.[7]

The African blackwood Conservation Project works around Mount Kilimanjaro replanting African blackwood trees, and in conservation education. It also works with adult and women's groups in the promotion of environmentally sound land uses.[8]

Daraja Music Initiative (formerly Clarinets for Conservation) is a U.S.-based non-profit that aims to raise awareness and promote conservation of mpingo through music education in Tanzania. Students participate in an interdisciplinary program during the summer months that raises awareness of the value of mpingo through musical performances, classroom instruction, and tree plantings at local secondary and primary schools.[9]

Small growers in Naples, Florida have been successful in growing African blackwood there. Growth habit in Florida yields taller, larger trees, and the rich soil combined with ample nutrients and long growing season yields timber of superior quality at more sustainable rates.[10][11]

مرئيات

0:44
الخشب الأسود الأفريقي.


الهوامش

  1. ^ Barstow, M. (2020). "Dalbergia melanoxylon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T32504A67798379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T32504A67798379.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-1852, retrieved on 12 December 2015 
  3. ^ أ ب Amri, E.; Z.L. Kanyeka; H.V.M. Lyaruu; A.S. Nyomora (2009). "Evaluation of genetic diversity in Dalbergia elanoxylon populations using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers". Research Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology. INSInet Publication. 3 (2): 71–79.
  4. ^ "Most Expensive Wood". most-expensive.com. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  5. ^ "Top 10 Most Expensive Woods in the World". Salpoente Boutique. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  6. ^ "11 Most Expensive Woods in the World". Ventured. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  7. ^ "Mpingo Conservation - Home". www.mpingoconservation.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  8. ^ "African Blackwood Conservation Project – Tree planting projects for Dalbergia melanoxylon" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  9. ^ Harrie, Jessica (2018-04-26). "Clarinets for Conservation: Sustaining the Earth Through Music". International Clarinet Association (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  10. ^ "Plants For A Future - Dalbergia melanoxylon". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  11. ^ "Blackwood use could soon become tricky". pipes|drums (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2023-04-19.

المصادر ووصلات خارجية

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