برونكس

Coordinates: 40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.8373°N 73.8860°W / 40.8373; -73.8860
(تم التحويل من البرونكس)
Bronx County
Rananchqua
حي في مدينة نيويورك
منظر جوي للبرونكس واستاد يانكي
منظر جوي للبرونكس واستاد يانكي
علم Bronx County
الشعار: 
"Ne cede malis" Do not give way to evil
Location of The Bronx shown in yellow.
Location of The Bronx shown in yellow.
الإحداثيات: 40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.83722°N 73.88611°W / 40.83722; -73.88611
الدولةالولايات المتحدة
الولايةنيويورك
المقاطعةبرونكس
المدينةمدينة نيويورك
Borough created1898  (County in 1914)
الحكومة
 • النوعحي (مدينة نينيورك)
 • Borough     PresidentRuben Diaz, Jr.
(Borough of the Bronx)
 • District     AttorneyRobert T. Johnson
(Bronx County)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي150 كم² (57 ميل²)
 • البر110 كم² (42 ميل²)
 • الماء40 كم² (15 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب
90 m (280 ft)
التعداد
 (July 1, 2008 U.S. Census)
 • الإجمالي1٬391٬903
 • الكثافة12٬786/km2 (33٬116/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC-5 (Eastern Standard Time (North America))
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-4 (Eastern Daylight Time)
ZIP Code
104 + two digits
مفتاح الهاتف718 , 347
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.ilovethebronx.com—Official website of the Bronx Borough President

برونكس، أحد الأحياء الخمسة لمدينة نيويورك وتقع في أقصي الشمال الشرقي. وهي أحدث المقاطعات ال62 لولاية نيويورك. وتقع في شمال شرق منهاتن وجنوب مقاطعة وستشستر، نيويورك، وبرونكس هي الحي الوحيد الذي لا يقع بصفة أساسية على جزيرة. في عام 2009، حسب تقديرات مكتب تقديرات الولايات المتحدة، وصل عدد سكان برونكس في 1 يوليو 2009 إلى 1,391,903,[1] يعيشون على مساحة 42 ميل مربع (109 كيلو متر مربع). مما يجعل برونكس الرابعة من أكبر خمس أحياء مكتظة بالسكان، الرابعة من حيث المساحة، وثالث الأحياء الأمريكية من حيث الكثافة السكانية.

The name "Bronx" originated with Swedish-born Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639.[2][3][4] The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by European settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany, Italy and Eastern Europe) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the southern United States.[5] This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of Latin music, hip hop and rock.

The Bronx contains the poorest congressional district in the United States, the 15th. There are, however, some upper-income, as well as middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park, and Country Club.[6][7][8] Parts of the Bronx saw a decline in population, livable housing and quality of life in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s culminating in a wave of arson. The South Bronx, in particular, experienced severe urban decay. The borough experienced some redevelopment starting in the 1990s, preceding a more recent period of gentrification.[9]

نظرة سريعة على أقسام نيويورك الخمسة
الدائرة التعداد المساحة
قسم مقاطعة تقدير
1 يوليو 2008
ميل
مربع
كم2
منهاتن نيويورك 1,634,795 23 59
برونكس برونكس 1,391,903 42 109
بروكلين كينگس 2,556,598 71 183
كوينز كوينز 2,293,007 109 283
ستاتن أيلاند ريتشموند 487,407 58 151
8,363,710 303 786
19,490,297 47,214 122,284
المصدر: مكتب إحصاء الولايات المتحدة[1][10][11]

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أصل الاسم

الأسماء المبكرة

Map of the Bronx in 1867

The Bronx was called Rananchqua[12] by the native Siwanoy[13] band of Lenape (also known historically as the Delawares), while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.[14] It was divided by the Aquahung River.

The origin of the person of Jonas Bronck (1600–43ح. 1600–43) has been contested. Documents indicate that he was a Swedish-born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish, in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639.[4][15][16][17][18][19] Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the present-day Bronx and built a farm named "Emmaus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in Mott Haven.[20] He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement of New Haarlem (on Manhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the Bronx [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.[15] The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother, but most probably a nephew or cousin, as there was an age difference of 16 years.[21] Much work on the Swedish claim has been undertaken by Brian G. Andersson, former Commissioner of NYC's Dept. of Records, who assisted in organizing a 375th Anniversary celebration in Bronck's hometown in 2014.[22]

التاريخ

European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County, but it was ceded to New York County in two major parts (West Bronx, 1874 and East Bronx, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the Lenape's Lenapehoking territory inhabited by Siwanoy of the Wappinger Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands.


إعادة الإحياء

four-story houses along a city street
Row houses on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has seen an increase in revitalization in recent years.



الجغرافيا

Location of the Bronx (red) within New York City (remainder white)
Aerial view of the Bronx from the east at night

المقاطعات المجاورة

الموقع والخصائص الفيزائية

New York Times 1896 map of parks and transit in the newly-annexed Bronx. Marble Hill is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. Parks are light green, Woodlawn Cemetery medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built Jerome Park Reservoir light blue, St. John's College (now Fordham University) in violet, and the city limits of the newly-expanded New York in red.[23]

قالب:BronxParks

الحدائق والأماكن المفتوحة

The Northern tip of Hunter Island in Pelham Bay Park.


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الأحياء والمناطق التجارية


شرق برونكس

حي Co-op City هو أكبر مشروع إسكان تعاوني في العالم.


سيتي آيلاند و هارت آيلاند
البحر هو جزء من الجياة اليومية في سيتي آيلاند

غرب برونكس

The Grand Concourse at East 165th Street


شمال غرب البرونكس
جنوب برونكس (أو جنوب غرب برونكس)
استاد يانكي يقع على شارع 161 و River Avenue


مناطق التسوق

The Hub on Third Avenue
محور برونكس

النقل

الطرق والشوارع

الطرق السريعة

الكباري والقنوات

Aerial View of the Throgs Neck Bridge


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النقل الجماعي

Middletown Road subway station on the 6.
NYC Transit bus operating on the Bx40 line in University Heights.


ديموغرافيا

بؤر الفقر في البرونكس، حسب خريطة التعداد.

السكان والأسر

الدخل

التركزات العرقية في البرونكس، حسب البلوك. (Red indicates Hispanic of any race; Blue indicates non-Hispanic White; and Green indicates non-Hispanic Black or African-American.)

العرقيات، اللغة، والهجرة

الحكومة والسياسة

الحكومة المحلية



التمثيل النيابي

التصويتات ومكاتب أخرى

الخدمة البريدية

التعليم


High schools


Fordham University's Keating Hall.

المؤسسات التعليمية


المؤسسات والحياة الثقافية


Lorelei Fountain in Joyce Kilmer Park overlooking Yankee Stadium.


The press and broadcasting

برونكس كما تبدو على الشاشة، الأدب والأغاني

على الشاشة (الأفلام والتلفزيون)

في الأغاني

انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Bronx County, New Yorkواسترجع في 15 مايو 2009 خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "2008 est pop" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ Wylie, Jonathon (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University of Kentucky Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.
  3. ^ * "Jonas Bronx". Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
    • van Laer, A. J. F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164. JSTOR 1836219. ... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...
    • Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. ... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
  4. ^ أ ب Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. Vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161. OCLC 649654938.
  5. ^ Braver (1998)
  6. ^ "datatables". www.frac.org. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Barone
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Stat Abst
  9. ^ See the "Historical Populations" table in History above and its sources.
  10. ^ County and City Data Book:2007 (U.S. Census Bureau), Table B-1, Area and Population, retrieved on July 12, 2008. New York County (Manhattan) was the nation's densest-populated county, followed by Kings County (Brooklyn), Bronx County, Queens County and San Francisco, California.
  11. ^ American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County - Table GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data, retrieved on February 6, 2009
  12. ^ "Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York Public Library. Retrieved March 15, 2008. The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland.
  13. ^ "Harding Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  14. ^ Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0.
  15. ^ أ ب Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective
  16. ^ van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836219. JSTOR 1836219. ... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...
  17. ^ Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. …many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
  18. ^ "The first Bronxite". The Advocate. Bronx County Bar Association. 24: 59. 1977. It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.
  19. ^ Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.
  20. ^ "The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective". Bronxmall.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  21. ^ "Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman". uiuc.edu.
  22. ^ Roberts, Sam (August 19, 2014). "A Bronck in the Bronx Gives a Swedish Town a Reason to Cheer" – via NYTimes.com.
  23. ^ FUTURE OF NEW WARDS; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing. The New York Times, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15 (The subheadlines continue "TROLLEY AND STEAM ROAD SYSTEMS Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City -- Miles of New Streets and Sewers. BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants.") This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed.

قراءات إضافية

  • Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999)
  • Baver, Sherrie L. "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community," Bronx County Historical Society Journal 1988 25(1): 1-9
  • Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. 1996. "CCRP in the South Bronx." Planners' Casebook, Winter.
  • Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition
  • Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 pp. 0-231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition
  • Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century," Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4-18 and 2005 42(2): 80-99
  • Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.
  • Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition
  • Olmsted, Robert A. "A History of Transportation in the Bronx," Bronx County Historical Society Journal 1989 26(2): 68-91
  • Olmsted, Robert A. "Transportation Made the Bronx," Bronx County Historical Society Journal 1998 35(2): 166-180
  • Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition
  • Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935-1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia
  • Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history
  • Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994)
  • Ultan, Lloyd. The beautiful Bronx (1920-1950) (1979), heavily illustrated
  • Ultan, Lloyd. The birth of the Bronx, 1609-1900 (2000), popular
  • Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890-1925 (1985), popular
  • Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935-1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history

وصلات خارجية

وصلات عامة

أماكن في برونكس

تاريخ برونكس

برونكس اليوم

40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.8373°N 73.8860°W / 40.8373; -73.8860

الكلمات الدالة: