الإمبراطور آن‌تـُكو

Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇
Emperor Antoku.jpg
إمبراطور اليابان
العهدMarch 18, 1180 – April 25, 1185
تتويجMay 18, 1180
سبقهTakakura
تبعهGo-Toba
وُلِدDecember 22, 1178
توفيأبريل 25, 1185(1185-04-25) (aged 6)
Dan-no-ura, Kanmon Straits, Japan
المدفن
Amida-ji no Misasagi (阿弥陀寺陵) (Shimonoseki)
الاسم بعد الوفاة
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Antoku (安徳天皇)
البيتYamato
الأبEmperor Takakura
الأمTaira no Tokuko

الإمبراطور آن‌تـُكو (安徳天皇, Antoku-tennō, 22 ديسمبر 1178 – 25 أبريل 1185) was the 81st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1180 through 1185.[1]

During this time, the Imperial family was involved in a bitter struggle between warring clans. Minamoto no Yoritomo with his cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka, led a force from the Minamoto clan against the Taira, who controlled the emperor. During the climactic sea Battle of Dan-no-ura in April 1185, Antoku's grandmother Taira no Tokiko took him and plunged with him into the water in the Shimonoseki Straits, drowning the child emperor rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces.

This clash of clans led to numerous legends and tales. The story of Emperor Antoku and his mother's family became the subject of the Kamakura period epic poem The Tale of the Heike (Heike is an alternative reading of the Japanese characters for "House of the Taira"). Antoku's tomb is said to be located in a number of places around western Japan, including the island of Iwo Jima, a result of the spreading of legends about the emperor and the battle.[2]

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Genealogy

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[3] was Tokihito-shinnō (言仁親王).[4] He was also known as Kotohito-shinnō.[5]

His father was Emperor Takakura, and thus a grandson of retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa. His mother, Taira no Tokuko (平徳子), second daughter of Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛), was later referred to as Empress Dowager Kenrei (建礼門院, Kenrei-mon In).


Events of Antoku's life

Antoku was named crown prince at around one month of age. He ascended the throne at the age of two. Naturally, he held no actual power, but rather his grandfather Taira no Kiyomori ruled in his name, though not officially, as sesshō (regent).

  • 1180 (Jishō 4, 21st day of the 4th month): In the 12th year of Takakura-tennō's reign (高倉天皇十二年), the emperor was forced to abdicate; and the succession (senso) was received by his infant son, the grandson of Taira Kiyomori. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Antoku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[6]

In the year of his enthronement, the capital was moved to modern-day Kōbe, Hyōgo, but it was soon moved back to Heian-kyō.

  • 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Minamoto; and consequently, there were two proclaimed emperors, one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.[7]

In 1183, when Minamoto no Yoshinaka entered the capital, the Taira clan fled with the young emperor and the sacred treasures to Yashima (the name of a place inside modern-day Takamatsu, Kagawa). Being defeated in ensuing battle, they fled westward.

The Taira were defeated. Antoku's grandmother, Taira no Tokiko, Kiyomori's widow, drowned herself along with the young emperor. His mother also drowned herself, but apparently, according to The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari), she was pulled out with a rake by her long hair.

According to Yoshitsune's dispatch, the sacred seal was found, but the sacred sword was lost. The sword was one of the three sacred treasures.[9]

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Antoku's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Memorial site

After his drowning, in order to mourn the body and placate any restless spirits, the Amidaji Goeidō was built. Later, Antoku was enshrined at the Kurume-Suitengū in Kurume, Fukuoka, and he came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (水の神, lit. "water-god" or "god of water"), the god of easy delivery at Suitengū (水天宮, lit. "water-heaven/emperor-shrine") everywhere.

With the establishment of Shintō as the state religion of Japan, the Amidaji Temple was abandoned and the Akama Shrine was established in Shimonoseki in Yamaguchi prefecture to celebrate Antoku.

The Imperial Household Agency designates Amida-ji no misasagi (阿彌陀寺陵) near Akama Shrine in Shimonoseki as Antoku's tomb.[11]

Eras of Antoku's reign

The years of Antoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[12]

Ancestry

Popular culture

See also


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Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon – a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 200–207; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 333–334; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 214–215.
  2. ^ Jeremy Roberts: Japanese Mythology A to Z, 2nd edition, 2010. ISBN 978-1-60413-435-3.
  3. ^ Brown, pp. 264; n.b., up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  4. ^ Brown, p. 333; Varley, p. 214.
  5. ^ Titsingh, p. 200.
  6. ^ Titsingh, p. 200; Brown, p. 333; Varley, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  7. ^ Titsingh, p. 207.
  8. ^ Kitagawa, Hiroshi et al. (1975). The Tale of the Heike, p. 787; Titsingh, pp. 211–212.
  9. ^ Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. pp. 303–305. ISBN 0804705232.
  10. ^ أ ب Brown, p. 333.
  11. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 422; n.b., although Ponsonby-Fane indicates that the official shrine was in Kyoto in the 1930s, the credible, but unsourced text at the bottom of this article explains that the current location of the shrine is in Shimonoseki.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 200–207; Brown, pp. 333–334.
  13. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in اليابانية). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

References

ألقاب ملكية
سبقه
Emperor Takakura
Emperor or Tennō:
Antoku

1180–1185
تبعه
Emperor Go-Toba
Imperial Seal of Japan.svg أباطرة اليابان Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
الأباطرة الأسطوريون
1 جيمو
神武
2 سوي‌زيْ
綏靖
3 安寧 4 懿徳 5 孝昭 6 孝安 7 孝霊 8 孝元 9 開化 10 崇神
11 垂仁 12 景行 13 成務 14 仲哀  
حقبة يـَمـاتـو 大和時代 (كـُفون)، الفترة (250538)
15 اوجين
応神
16 نين تـُكو
仁徳
17 履中 18 反正 19 允恭 20 安康 21 雄略 22 清寧 23 顕宗 24 仁賢
25 武烈 26 継体 27 安閑 28 宣化  
حقبة أسـوكـا 飛鳥時代، الفترة (538710)
29 كيم مـِيْ
欽明
30 بيداتسو
敏達
31 يومـِيْ
用明
32 سوشون
崇峻
33 سويكو
推古
34 جومـِيْ
舒明
35 كوگيوكو
皇極
36 كوتـُكو
孝徳
37 كوگيوكو
斉明
38 تنجي
天智
39 كـُبون
弘文
40 تمـّو
天武
41 جيتو
持統
42 مـُمـّو
文武
43 گـِم مـِيْ
元明
 
حقبة نـارا 奈良時代، الفترة (710 - 794)
44 گـِنشو
元正
45 شومو 聖武 46 كوكـِن
孝謙
47 جون نين 淳仁 48 شوتـُكو
称徳
49 كونين
光仁
 
حقبة هـِيْ آن 平安時代، الفترة (794 - 1185)
50 كـَمـّو
桓武
51 平城 52 嵯峨 53 淳和 54 仁明 55 文徳 56 清和 57 陽成 58 光孝 59 اودا
宇多
60 دايگو
醍醐
61 سوزاكو
朱雀
62 موراكامي
村上
63 ريْ‌زيْ
冷泉
64 إن‌يو
円融
65 كازان
花山
66 一条 67 三条 68 後一条 69 後朱雀
70 後冷泉 71 後三条 72 白河 73 堀河 74 鳥羽 75 崇徳 76 كونوئ
近衛天皇
77 گو-شيراكاوا
後白河天皇
78 二条 79 六条
80 高倉 81 أن تـُكو
安徳
82 گو توبا
後鳥羽
 
حقبة كـَماكورا 鎌倉時代، الفترة (1185 - 1333)
83 تسوتشي ميكادو
土御門
84 جون تـُكو
順徳
85 仲恭 86 後堀河 87 四条 88 後嵯峨 89 後深草 90 亀山 91 後宇多 92 伏見
93 後伏見 94 後二条 95 花園 96 گو دايگو
後醍醐
 
حقبة مورُماتشي 室町時代، الفترة (1336 - 1573)
97 گو موراكامي
後村上
98 تشو كـِيْ
長慶
99 گو كامـِياما
後亀山
100 گو كوماتسو
後小松
البلاط الشمالي 北朝 "هـُكوچو" 1 كوگـُن
光厳
2 كومـْيو
光明
3 崇光 4 後光厳 5 後円融 6 後小松  
101 称光 102 後花園 103 後土御門 104 後柏原 105 後奈良 106 正親町 107 後陽成  
حقبة إدو 江戸時代، الفترة (16031868)
108 گو ميزونو 後水尾 109 مـِيـْشو
明正
110 گو كوميو
後光明
111 گو ساي
後西
112 ريـْگـِن
霊元
113 هيگاشي ياما
東山
114 ناكا ميكادو
中御門
115 ساكورا ماتشي
桜町
116 موموزونو
桃園
117 گو ساكورا ماتشي
後桜町
118 گو موموزونو
後桃園
119 كوكاكو
光格
120 نين كو
仁孝
121 كومـِيْ
孝明
 
اليابان المعاصرة (عهد مـِيـْجي 明治時代 ف. 18681912)
122 ميـْجي
明治
123 تايشو
大正
124 هيروهيتو
昭和
125 أكيهيتو
今上
126 ناروهيتو
徳仁
ولي العهد الإمبراطورات النساء (باللون الأحمر)