الأسد-الإنسان

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Lion-man
Loewenmensch1.jpg
الخامةivory
أنشئتح. 40,000 years ago
أُكتشفت25 August 1939
Asselfingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
اكتشفهاOtto Völzing
الموقع الحاليMuseum Ulm, Ulm, Blaubeuren, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
Side view showing the transverse gouges on the left arm

The Löwenmensch figurine, also called the Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel, is a prehistoric ivory sculpture discovered in Hohlenstein-Stadel, a German cave, part of the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 1939. The German name, Löwenmensch, meaning "lion-person" or "lion-human", is used most frequently because it was discovered and is exhibited in Germany. It is an anthropomorphic figurine combining a human-like body with the head of a cave lion.

Determined by carbon dating of the layer in which it was found to be between 35,000 and 41,000 years old, it is one of the oldest-known examples of an artistic representation and the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered.[1] Its age associates it with the archaeological Aurignacian culture of the Upper Paleolithic.[2] An example of zoomorphic art, it was carved out of mammoth ivory using a flint stone knife. Seven parallel, transverse, carved gouges are on the left arm.

After several reconstructions that have incorporated newly found fragments, the figurine stands 31.1 cm (12.2 in) tall, 5.6 cm (2.2 in) wide, and 5.9 cm (2.3 in) thick. It is currently displayed in the Museum Ulm, in the city of Ulm.

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History

Systematic excavations at Hohlenstein-Stadel cave began in 1937 under the direction of historian Robert Wetzel.[3]

The discovery of a fragmented mammoth ivory figurine was made on 25 August 1939 by geologist Otto Völzing.[4] The start of World War 2 just one week later meant that the fieldwork was left incomplete and analysis of the finds was not undertaken. The excavation trenches were back-filled with the same soil in which the ivory had been found.[5] For approximately thirty years, the fragments lay forgotten at the nearby Museum Ulm. It was not until archaeologist Joachim Hahn started an inventory and assembly of more than 200 fragments that a figurine with animal and human features began to emerge.[5]

Wetzel continued to spend summers digging at the site until 1961,[6] and further finds of ivory were made on the cave floor in the 1970s. In 1982, paleontologist Elisabeth Schmid combined the new fragments with Hahn's reconstruction, correcting some errors and adding pieces of the nose and mouth which emphasized the figurine's feline characteristics.[5][أ]

In 1987, a comprehensive restoration began in the workshops of the Landesmuseum Württemberg by Ute Wolf in cooperation with Schmid. During the work, which took more than six months, it was realized that the figurine was only about two-thirds complete. The back was severely damaged and the legs were missing some ivory lamellae. The ears, eye-holes, two-thirds of the mouth and nose, and the back of the head were preserved. To fill gaps in the head and body, a reversible substance consisting of a mixture of beeswax, artificial wax, and chalk was used.[9]

From 2008, further excavations were carried out in the cave. All layers were sifted systematically, which led to many minute fragments being discovered. The first new adjustments were simulated virtually so that fragments could be added without having to disassemble the original recreation.[10][ب]

In 2012, a second restoration was begun in the workshops of the State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments in Esslingen under the leadership of Nicole Ebinger-Rist. The figurine was disassembled into its individual parts and newly discovered fragments were added along with the old ones, allowing further completion of areas of the head, back, and right side of the body, and artificial additions used during the first restoration were discarded.[12] The Löwenmensch figurine grew in height from 296 to 311 millimetres.[13] Work was completed in late 2013.[12]


Interpretation

Some researchers have ascribed sexual characteristics to the object. Initially, the figurine was classified as male by Hahn who suggested a plate on the abdomen could be a flaccid penis. Schmid later classified this feature as a pubic triangle;[4] however, from examination of new parts of the sculpture, she proposed that the figurine was that of a woman with the head of a female cave lion (Panthera spelaea).[14][15] Male European cave lions appear to have largely or completely lacked the distinctive manes of their African counterparts, so the absence of a mane could not determine categorically that the figurine was that of a lioness, and a debate about its sex ensued among some involved in the research and the popular press. Kurt Wehrberger, of the Museum Ulm, stated that the statue had become an "icon of the feminist movement".[4]

After the 2012–2013 restoration, it was realized that the triangular platelet in the genital area was processed all around, separating it from the figurine. A fracture point suggests that originally it may have been square in shape, which most commonly could be interpreted as a stylized male sex organ.[16] Debate continues, even though an objective determination of the sex of the Löwenmensch figurine may be impossible.

The Löwenmensch figurine lay in a chamber almost 30 metres (98 ft) from the entrance of the Stadel cave, accompanied by many other objects. Bone tools and worked antlers were found, along with jewellery consisting of pendants, beads, and perforated animal teeth. The chamber was probably a special place, possibly used as a storehouse, hiding-place, or maybe as an area for cultic rituals.[17]

A similar but smaller lion-headed human figurine was found in Hohle Fels.[18] Archaeologist Nicholas Conard suggested that "the occupants of Hohle Fels in the Ach Valley and Hohlenstein-Stadel in the Lone Valley must have been members of the same cultural group and shared beliefs and practices connected with therianthropic images of felids and humans" and that "the discovery of a second Löwenmensch lends support to the hypothesis that Aurignacian people practised a form of shamanism."[18]

The figurine shares certain similarities with later French cave paintings, which also show hybrid creatures with human-like lower bodies and animal heads, such as the "Sorcerer" from the Trois Frères in the Pyrenees or the "Bison-man" from the Grotte de Gabillou in the Dordogne.[19][20]

Debate exists as to whether the figurine depicts a lion or human-lion hybrid figure at all; with similarities to a standing bear, and the unreliable nature of the reconstructions cited.[21]

Manufacture

The carving of the figurine from hard mammoth tusk would have been a complex and time-consuming task.[ت] A similarly sized tusk found in the same cave has marks that "indicate that the skin and thin bone around the tooth cavity of the upper jaw were cut through to the surface of the tooth, which was then exposed for detachment with a hammer. The tip was harder and had to be removed by wedging and splitting."[23]

Wulf Hein and Kurt Wehrberger conducted an experimental replication with the kinds of stone tool available at the time. Removing the base of the tusk took ten hours. The body was carved with a steep-fronted scraper; the burins requiring regular resharpening. Several tools were needed to separate the torso from the insides of the arms while shaping the head and shoulders, which involved difficult cutting across the grain of the ivory, often requiring two hands on the tool. The basic shaping is estimated to have taken around 200 hours, and in total the recreation likely took more than 370 hours.[ث] Jill Cook, Curator of Palaeolithic collections at the British Museum, suggests that "unless the sculpture was created slowly at odd moments over several months, someone as skilled as an artist may have been excused from other subsistence tasks to work specially on this piece."[23]

In his October 2017 BBC Radio 4 series Living with the Gods, Neil MacGregor asked Cook

... so why would a community living on the edge of subsistence, whose primary concerns were finding food, keeping that fire going, protecting children from predators, allow someone to spend so much time away from those tasks?[24]

She replied that it was about

... a relationship to things unseen, to the vital forces of nature, that you need to perhaps propitiate, perhaps connect to, in order to ensure your successful life.[24]

انظر أيضاً

مواضيع عامة في فن العصر الحجري
أمثلة على فن العصر الحجري بأشكال حيوانية
شخصيات برأس أسد في التاريخ القديم

Notes

  1. ^ The images at this reference:[7] show how much has been achieved after years of painstaking reconstruction.[8]
  2. ^ This reference:[11] shows the lion-man after restoration 1987–1988 with new fragments from the 2010 excavation (red) and free fragments from the stock of the museum (green).
  3. ^ This reference:[22] shows the position of the figurine inside the original tusk. Schmid found that the groin area coincided with the apex of the tusk's pulp cavity. "The long axis of the figure follows the nerve canal with the head at the narrowing end. This expert positioning suggests that the maker deliberately selected a portion of the tusk suitable for a preconceived work." (Cook, 2013)[23]
  4. ^ The Ulm Museum site says 360 hours, Cook (2013)[23] says 320 hours, whereas the video made by the team says 370+ hours.

References

  1. ^ "Lion man takes pride of place as oldest statue" by Rex Dalton, Nature 425, 7 (4 September 2003) doi:10.1038/425007a also Nature News 4 September 2003 Archived 18 مارس 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "14C dating - The age of the lion man". loewenmensch.de (in الألمانية). Ulm, Germany: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  3. ^ "Discovery: 1939". Löwenmensch: Entdeckung (in الألمانية). Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  4. ^ أ ب ت Schulz, Matthias (5 December 2011). "Puzzle im Schutt". Der Spiegel. Hamburg, DE. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  5. ^ أ ب ت Lobell, Jarrett A. (March 2012). "New life for the Lion Man". Archaeology. 65 (2). Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2016-12-14.[صفحة مطلوبة]
  6. ^ "Discovery: 1956". Löwenmensch: Entdeckung (in الألمانية). Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  7. ^ Images of a preliminary lion-man reconstruction (photos). Löwenmenschen. 1980. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  8. ^ Adam, K.; Kurz, R. (1980). Eiszeitkunst im süddeutschen Raum (in الألمانية).
  9. ^ "Discovery: 1987". Löwenmensch: Entdeckung (in الألمانية). Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  10. ^ "Discovery: 2011" (in الألمانية). Ulm Museum. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  11. ^ "X-ray computed tomographs". Löwenmenschen. Archived from the original on 2022-04-03. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  12. ^ أ ب "Discovery: 2011". Löwenmenschen (in الألمانية). Ulm Museum. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  13. ^ Petershagen, Henning (2 November 2013). "Löwenmensch ist gewachsen" [The Lion-man has grown]. Südwest Presse (in الألمانية). Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  14. ^ Duckeck, Jochen (10 ديسمبر 2008). "Der Löwenmensch". showcaves.com. Darlegen Archäologie [Explain Archaeology] (in الألمانية) (German ed.). Archived from the original on 21 مايو 2009. Retrieved 17 مايو 2009. Joachim Hahn hatte die Figur als männlich betrachtet. Elisabeth Schmid kam zu dem Schluß, dass es sich um die Figur einer Frau mit dem Kopf einer Höhlenlöwin handele.
  15. ^ Duckeck, Jochen (10 ديسمبر 2008). "Lionheaded figurine". showcaves.com. explain Archaeology (in الإنجليزية) (English ed.). Archived from the original on 30 مايو 2001. Retrieved 17 مايو 2009.
  16. ^ "Sex?". Löwenmensch: Bedeutung (in الألمانية). Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  17. ^ "Depot, hiding place, or cult place?". Löwenmensch: Bedeutung (in الألمانية). Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  18. ^ أ ب Conard, Nicholas J. (2003). "Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art". Nature (in الإنجليزية). 426 (6968): 830–832. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..830C. doi:10.1038/nature02186. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 14685236. S2CID 4349167.
  19. ^ "Animal and human being". Löwenmensch: Bedeutung (in الألمانية). Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  20. ^ Kind, Claus-Joachim; Ebinger-Rist, Nicole; Wolf, Sibylle; Beutelspacher, Thomas; Wehrberger, Kurt. The smile of the Lion Man – recent excavations in Stadel Cave (Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany) and the restoration of the famous Upper Palaeolithic figurine. Baden-Württemberg, DE: State Office for Cultural Heritage. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.quartaer.eu/pdfs/2014/2014_07_kind.pdf. Retrieved on December 22, 2019. 
  21. ^ Clifford, Elle; Bahn, Paul (19 March 2020). "A new view of the so-called'Lion-Man'". World Archaeology. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  22. ^ "Image showing the positioning of the lion-man figurine within the original tusk". Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  23. ^ أ ب ت ث Cook, J. (18 February 2013). Ice Age art: Arrival of the modern mind. The British Museum. ISBN 978-0714123332.
  24. ^ أ ب "The Beginnings of Belief". Presenter: Neil MacGregor; Producer: Paul Kobrak. Living with the Gods. BBC. BBC Radio 4. 06:08 minutes in.

Further reading

External links

  • "Lion Man". lowenmensch.de. Ulm, DE: Museum Ulm. — museum official Lion-Man website with information about the figurine
  • Hitchcock, Don (ed.). "Der Löwenmensch" [The lion person]. Don's Maps. — materials and photos of the figurine
  • Lion Man 2.0 - The Experiment (video) (in الألمانية) – via YouTube. — showing the manufacture of a replica using authentic tools, in German with English subtitles
  • presenter Neil MacGregor (23 Oct 2017). The Beginnings of Belief. BBC Radio 4. Living with the Gods (in الإنجليزية). British Broadcasting Corporation. series 1, episode 1. Retrieved 2021-07-18. Neil MacGregor begins his series on the role and expression of shared beliefs in communities around the world with the Lion Man, an ivory sculpture which is about 40,000 years old. 15 minute episode
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