الأزمنة الحديثة (فيلم)

الأزمنة الحديثة
Modern Times poster.jpg
اخراجشارلي شاپلن
انتاجشارلي شاپلن
كتابةشارلي شاپلن
بطولةشارلي شاپلن
پوليت گودارد
هنري برگمان
تيني ساندفورد
تشستر كونكلين
موسيقىشارلي شاپلن
سينماتوگرافياإيرا مورگان
رونالد توثروه
تحريرشارلي شاپلن
ويلارد نيكو
شركــة
الانتاج
شارلي شاپلن پرودكشن
توزيعيونايتد أرتسيست
تواريخ العرضفبراير 5، 1936 (1936-02-05) (مدينة نيويورك، العرض الأول)
فبراير 25، 1936 (1936-02-25) (USA)
طول الفيلم87 دقيقة
البلدالولايات المتحدة
اللغةالصوت (ناطق-جزئياً)
ترجمة إنگليزية
الميزانية1.5 مليون دولار [1]
إيراد الشباك$1.8 million (U.S. and Canada rentals)[2]

الأزمنة الحديثة (Modern Times)، هو فيلم كوميدي أمريكي ناطق جزئياً من عام 1936. الفيلم من إنتاج وتأليف وإخراج شارلي شاپلن.في آخر أداء لشاپلن في دور المتشرد الصغير، تكافح شخصيته للبقاء على قيد الحياة في العالم الصناعي الحديث. يشارك في الفيلم أيضاً پوليت گودارد، هنري برگمان، تيني ساندفورد وتشستر كونكلين.

فاز فيلم الأزمنة الحديثة بالعديد من الجوائز والأوسمة، ويعتبر من أعظم الأفلام على الإطلاق. وكان من أول 25 فيلماً اختارتها مكتبة الكونگرس للحفظ في السجل الوطني للأفلام لكونها "ذات أهمية ثقافية أو تاريخية أو جمالية".

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قصة الفيلم

المتشرد يعمل على آلة ضخمة في أشهر مشهد في الفيلم.
شارلي شاپلن في دور المتشرد.

يعمل المتشرد في خط تجميع، حيث يعاني كثيراً بسبب الإجهاد ووتيرة العمل المتكرر. وفي النهاية يعاني من انهيار عصبي ويثور، ويعلق داخل آلة ويلقي بالمصنع في حالة من الفوضى؛ ثم يُرسل إلى المستشفى. وبعد تعافيه، يتم القبض على المتشرد العاطل عن العمل عن طريق الخطأ في مظاهرة شيوعية. في السجن، تناول عن طريق الخطأ الكوكايين المهرب، وفي هذيانه اللاحق، تجنب إعادته إلى زنزانته. وعندما عاد، أكتشف أن هناك حالة هروب من السجن وأغمى على المحكوم عليهم، مما يجعله بطلاً ويحظى بمعاملة خاصة. وعندما أُبلغ أنه سيُطلق سراحه قريباً بسبب أفعاله البطولية، جادل دون جدوى بأنه يفضل الحياة في السجن.

بعد إطلاق سراحه، يتقدم بطلب للحصول على وظيفة جديدة في شركة بناء سفن لكنه يتركها بعد أن تسبب في حادث. بعد فترة وجيزة، يلتقي بفتاة يتيمة تدعى إلين، والتي تهرب من الشرطة بعد سرقة رغيف خبز. مصمماً على العودة إلى السجن وإنقاذها من الاعتقال، يخبر المتشرد الشرطة أنه اللص ويطلب القبض عليه، لكن أحد الشهود يكشف خداعه ويُطلق سراحه. ثم يأكل كمية هائلة من الطعام في كافيتريا دون أن يدفع ثمنها، ويقابل إلين مرة أخرى في عربة شرطة بعد وضعه فيها. ومع ذلك، سرعان ما تتحطم، وتقنعه بالهروب معها. ثم يحصل المتشرد على وظيفة حارس ليلي في متجر كبير، ويقابل ثلاثة لصوص يقودهم "بيج بيل"، وهو زميل له في العمل من المصنع، ويشرح لهم أنهم جائعون ويائسون. وبعد أن يتقاسم المشروبات معهم، يستيقظ في الصباح التالي أثناء ساعات العمل ويعتقل مرة أخرى لفشله في الاتصال بالشرطة بشأن اللصوص ولنومه على مكتبه مرتدياً ملابس المتجر، مما تسبب في صدمة أحد الزبائن وصاحب المتجر.

بعد أيام، تأخذه إلين إلى كوخ متهالك ليعيش فيه. في صباح اليوم التالي، يقرأ عن إعادة افتتاح مصنع قديم ويحصل على وظيفة مساعد ميكانيكي. ثم يقرر العمال الآخرون فجأة الإضراب، ويطلبون من المتشرد أن يغادر معهم. خارج المصنع، يرمي بالخطأ حجراً على رجل شرطة ويتم القبض عليه مرة أخرى.

بعد أسبوعين، يُطلق سراحه، ويعلم أن إلين تعمل الآن راقصة في مقهى. وتحصل له على وظيفة كمغني ونادل، لكنه يؤدي واجباته بشكل أخرق. أثناء عرضه على المسرح، يفقد أصفاده، التي تحمل كلمات أغنيته، لكنه ينقذ العرض من خلال ارتجال الكلمات باستخدام كلام عبثي وبواسطة الپانتوميم. عندما تصل الشرطة لاعتقال إلين بسبب هروبها السابق، يضطر الاثنان إلى الفرار مرة أخرى، وتيأس إلين من أن نضالهما لا طائل منه، لكن المتشرد يطمئنها. في فجر مشرق، يسيران على الطريق نحو مستقبل غير مؤكد لكنه مبشر بالخير.


فريق العمل

الإنتاج

مقطع دعائي للفيلم.
پولين گودارد، بطلة فيلم الأزمنة الحديثة.

During a European tour promoting City Lights, Chaplin got the inspiration for Modern Times from both the lamentable conditions of the continent through the Great Depression, along with a conversation with Mahatma Gandhi in which they discussed modern technology. Chaplin did not understand why Gandhi generally opposed it, though he granted that "machinery with only consideration of profit" had put people out of work and ruined lives.[5]

Chaplin began preparing the film in 1934 as his first "talkie", and went as far as writing a dialogue script and experimenting with some sound scenes. However, he soon abandoned these attempts and reverted to a silent format with synchronized sound effects and sparse dialogue. The dialogue experiments confirmed his long-standing conviction that the universal appeal of his "Little Tramp" character would be lost if the character ever spoke on screen. Most of the film was shot at "silent speed", 18 frames per second, which when projected at "sound speed", 24 frames per second, made the slapstick action appear even more frenetic. The duration of filming was long for the time, beginning on October 11, 1934, and ending on August 30, 1935.[6]

Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance has noted: “Chaplin recognized that Modern Times was the valedictory for the Tramp and deliberately included many gags and sequences as a loving farewell to the character and an homage to the visual comedy tradition."[7]

This film also famously uses matte painting in the harrowing skating scene where Charlie skates blindfolded, not realizing he's constantly near the edge and very likely could fall down. The illusory drop has been matte-painted, and Chaplin was never in actual danger while filming this scene — in reality, he skated on a plain floor, with a ledge for him to discern when to stop. This can be observed in the fact that, at one moment, Chaplin's back wheel briefly disappeared behind the painting. This most likely escaped the eyes of Chaplin, which could be the reason he left it in.[8]

The reference to drugs seen in the prison sequence is somewhat daring for the time (since the production code, established in 1930 and enforced since 1934, forbade the depiction of illegal drug use in films); Chaplin had made drug references before in one of his most famous short films, Easy Street, released in 1917.

الموسيقى

According to the official documents, the music score was composed by Chaplin himself, and arranged with the assistance of Alfred Newman, who had collaborated with Chaplin on the music score of his previous film City Lights. Newman and Chaplin had a falling out near the end of the Modern Times soundtrack recording sessions, leading to Newman's angry departure.

The romance theme was later given lyrics, and became the pop standard "Smile", first recorded by Nat King Cole. A cover of this song by Jimmy Durante was also used in the trailer for the 2019 film Joker, in which the lead character also watches scenes from a showing of Modern Times after sneaking into a movie theatre.

Modern Times was the first film where Chaplin's voice is heard as he performs Léo Daniderff's comical song "Je cherche après Titine". Chaplin's version is also known as "The Nonsense Song", as his character sings it in gibberish. The lyrics are nonsensical but appear to contain words from French and Italian; the use of deliberately half-intelligible wording for comic effect points the way towards Adenoid Hynkel's speeches in The Great Dictator.

According to film composer David Raksin, Chaplin wrote the music as a young man wanting to make a name for himself. He would sit, often in the washroom, humming tunes and telling Raksin to "take this down". Raksin's job was to turn the humming into a score and create timings and synchronization that fit the situations. Chaplin was a violinist and had some musical knowledge, but he was not an orchestrator and was unfamiliar with synchronization. Along with Edward B. Powell, Raksin did receive screen credit for the music arrangements.[9] Raksin later created scores for films including Laura and The Day After.

نقد

العرض العالمي الأول لفيلم الأزمنة الحديثة (1936)، مدينة نيويورك.

Modern Times is often hailed as one of Chaplin's greatest achievements, and it remains one of his most popular films. It holds an approval rating of 98% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 108 reviews, with a weighted average of 9.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A slapstick skewering of industrialized America, Modern Times is as politically incisive as it is laugh-out-loud hilarious."[10] Metacritic reports an aggregated score of 96/100 based on 4 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[11]

Naming it the Best Film of the 30s Decade, Flickside writes: "Chaplin's Modern Times is a thoughtful critique on the anxieties of modernization dealt with pathos and humour." Contemporary reviews were very positive. Frank Nugent of The New York Times wrote: "'Modern Times' has still the same old Charlie, the lovable little fellow whose hands and feet and prankish eyebrows can beat an irresistible tattoo upon an audience's funnybone or hold it still, taut beneath the spell of human tragedy ... Time has not changed his genius."[12] Variety called it "grand fun and sound entertainment".[13] Film Daily wrote: "Charlie Chaplin has scored one of his greatest triumphs."[14] John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that Chaplin "manufactures some superb laughs ... In all, it's a rambling sketch, a little at loose ends at times, sometimes rather slight in effect, and now and then secure in its rich, old-fashioned funniness."[15] Burns Mantle called the film "another hilariously rowdy success".[16]

Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene strongly praised the film, noting that, although there had always been a bit of a dated feel to his previous works, Chaplin "has at last definitely entered the contemporary scene". Greene noted that, whereas prior Chaplin films had featured "fair and featureless" heroines, the casting of Paulette Goddard suggested that his female characters might be presented with more personality than previously. He also voiced concern that the film would be considered to be a Communist film when in reality Chaplin's message was predominantly apolitical: "[Chaplin] presents, he doesn't offer political solutions."[17]

French philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau-Ponty named their journal, Les Temps modernes, after it.[18]

Modern Times earned $1.8 million in North American theatrical rentals during its release,[2] becoming one of the top-grossing films of 1936. It was the most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36.[19]

The iconic depiction of Chaplin working frantically to keep up with an assembly line inspired later comedy routines including Disney's Der Fuehrer's Face (Donald Duck alternately assembling artillery shells and saluting portraits of Adolf Hitler) and an episode of I Love Lucy titled "Job Switching" (Lucy and Ethel trying to keep up with an ever-increasing volume of chocolate candies, eventually stuffing them in their mouths, hats, and blouses). The opening of a fantasy sequence in the film, in which the unemployed factory worker trips over a footstool upon entering the living room of his "dream home" with the Gamin, inspired a similar opening to The Dick Van Dyke Show.[بحاجة لمصدر]

This was Chaplin's first overtly political-themed film, and its unflattering portrayal of industrial society generated controversy in some quarters upon its initial release. Writing in The Liberal News, the official magazine of the British Liberal Party, in October 1936, Willoughby Dewar observed that Modern Times "should be seen by every Young Liberal. It is, among other things, a piece of first-class Liberal propaganda."[20] In Nazi Germany, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels banned the film from being shown because of its alleged advocacy of communism.[21][22]

The film exhibits slight similarities to a lesser known 1931 French film directed by René Clair entitled À nous la liberté (Liberty for Us) – the assembly line sequence is an instance in that both films depict it, but in different ways. The German film company Tobis Film, hungry for cash, sued Chaplin following the film's release but to no avail. They sued again after World War II (considered revenge for Chaplin's anti-Nazi statements in The Great Dictator).[23] This time, they settled with Chaplin out of court. Clair, a friend and huge admirer of Chaplin who was flattered that the film icon would depict a similar subject, was deeply embarrassed that Tobis Film would sue Chaplin, and was never part of the case.

The film did attract criticism for being almost completely silent.[بحاجة لمصدر] Chaplin feared that the mystery and romanticism of the Tramp character would be ruined if he spoke, and also that it would alienate his fans in non-English speaking territories.[بحاجة لمصدر] His future films, however, would be fully fledged "talkies" – although without the character of the Little Tramp.

Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance has written of the reception and legacy of this classic comedy:

Modern Times is perhaps more meaningful now than at any time since its first release. The twentieth-century theme of the film, farsighted for its time — the struggle to eschew alienation and preserve humanity in a modern, mechanized world — profoundly reflects issues facing the twenty-first century. The Tramp's travails in Modern Times and the comedic mayhem that ensues should provide strength and comfort to all who feel like helpless cogs in a world beyond control. Through its universal themes and comic inventiveness, Modern Times remains one of Chaplin's greatest and most enduring works. Perhaps more important, it is the Tramp's finale, a tribute to Chaplin's most beloved character and the silent-film era he commanded for a generation.[24]

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

The Village Voice ranked Modern Times at No. 62 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.[28] In January 2002, the film was voted at No. 58 on the list of the "Top 100 Essential Films of All Time" by the National Society of Film Critics.[29][30] The film was voted at No. 74 on the list of "100 Greatest Films" by the prominent French magazine Cahiers du cinéma in 2008.[31] In the 2012 Sight & Sound polls, it was ranked the 63rd-greatest film ever made in the critics' poll[32] and 20th in the directors' poll.[33] In the earlier 2002 version of the list the film ranked 35th among critics.[34] In 2015, Modern Times ranked 67th on BBC's "100 Greatest American Films" list, voted on by film critics from around the world.[35] The film was voted at No. 12 on the list of The 100 greatest comedies of all time by a poll of 253 film critics from 52 countries conducted by the BBC in 2017.[36] In 2021 the film ranked 49th on Time Out magazine's list of The 100 best movies of all time.[37]


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ترميمه

A digitally restored version of the film was released in 2003. The French company MK2 searched the world for good copies of the original footage, cut them together and processed each of the 126,000 frames, removing scratches and dust, and ensuring optimal image stability and balanced black and white tone levels. The restored version was first shown at the Cannes Film Festival in 2003.[38] In 2013 Cineteca di Bologna and the Criterion Collection effected further digital improvements of the 2003 version, as noted in a preface ahead of the title.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Balio, Tino (April 8, 2009). United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0299230036. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  2. ^ أ ب Finler, Joel Waldo (2003). The Hollywood Story. Wallflower Press. pp. 356–357. ISBN 978-1-903364-66-6.
  3. ^ "Modern Times (1936)". IMDb. Gloria Delson: Gamin's Sister
  4. ^ أ ب ت Wagner, Leicester (August 10, 1935). "Hollywood Gossip". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. UP. p. 4. Retrieved July 11, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Flom, Eric L. (July 11, 2015). Chaplin in the Sound Era: An Analysis of the Seven Talkies (reprint ed.). McFarland. p. 80. ISBN 978-1476607986. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  6. ^ As said in Chaplin Today: Modern Times, a 2003 French documentary.
  7. ^ Vance, Jeffrey. "Modern Times" (PDF). www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  8. ^ "thekidsshouldseethis.com". thekidsshouldseethis.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  9. ^ David Raksin & C.M. Berg, Music Composed by Charles Chaplin: Auteur or Collaborateur? Journal of the University Film Association, 1979.
  10. ^ "Modern Times (1936)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  11. ^ "Modern Times (re-release) Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  12. ^ Nugent, Frank S. (February 6, 1936). "Movie Review – Modern Times". The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  13. ^ Green, Abel (February 11, 1936). "Modern Times". Variety. New York. p. 16. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  14. ^ "Reviews". Film Daily. New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk: 10. February 7, 1936.
  15. ^ Mosher, John (February 15, 1936). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. pp. 57–58.
  16. ^ Mantle, Burns (February 16, 1936). "Mantle Finds Chaplin Film Uproarious". Chicago Daily Tribune: Part 7 p. 12. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  17. ^ Greene, Graham (14 February 1936). "Modern Times". The Spectator. (reprinted in: Taylor, John Russell, ed. (1980). The Pleasure Dome: Graham Greene, the collected film criticism, 1935-40 (reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0192812865.)
  18. ^ Appignanesi, Lisa (2005). Simone de Beauvoir. London: Haus. p. 82. ISBN 978-1904950097.
  19. ^ Sedgwick, John; Michael Pokorny (February 2005). "The Film Business in the United States and Britain during the 1930s" (PDF). The Economic History Review. New Series. 58 (1): 97. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00299.x. JSTOR 3698918. S2CID 152896495.
  20. ^ Dewar, Willoughby (October 1936). "Modern Times". The Liberal News (7): 5 – via Kendal Archival Centre, WDSO 174/13.
  21. ^ "Modern Times (1936) - Articles". TCM. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  22. ^ Doherty, Thomas (August 15, 2016). Hollywood and Hitler, 1933–1939 (reprint ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-1365331244. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  23. ^ Robinson, David (2004). "Charlie Chaplin: Filming Modern Times". charliechaplin.com. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  24. ^ Vance, Jeffrey (October 1, 2003). Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 229. ISBN 978-0810945326.
  25. ^ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies". American Film Institute. 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  26. ^ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs". American Film Institute. 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  27. ^ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)". American Film Institute. 2007. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  28. ^ "Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll". The Village Voice. 1999. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
  29. ^ Carr, Jay (2002). The A List: The National Society of Film Critics' 100 Essential Films. Da Capo Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-306-81096-1. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  30. ^ "100 Essential Films by The National Society of Film Critics". filmsite.org.
  31. ^ "Cahiers du cinéma's 100 Greatest Films". 23 November 2008.
  32. ^ Christie, Ian, ed. (1 August 2012). "The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute (September 2012). Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  33. ^ "Directors' Top 100". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016.
  34. ^ "Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002: The rest of the critics' list". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
  35. ^ "100 Greatest American Films". BBC. July 20, 2015. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  36. ^ "The 100 greatest comedies of all time". BBC Culture. 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
  37. ^ "The 100 best movies of all time". 8 April 2021.
  38. ^ "Chaplin's Modern Times Gets Restoration". Midland Daily News. 21 May 2003.

وصلات خارجية

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