أرنبيات الشكل

(تم التحويل من الأرنبيات)

أرنبيات الشكل
Lagomorphs[1]
Temporal range: Late Paleocene–Recent
Ochotona princeps.jpg
Pika, Ochotona princeps, in Sequoia National Park
التصنيف العلمي
مملكة:
Phylum:
Class:
Infraclass:
Superorder:
Order:
الأرنبيات

برانت، 1855
عائلات

Leporidae
Ochotonidae
Prolagidae

Lagomorpha range.png
Range of Lagomorpha

أرنبيات الشكل Lagomorpha هي إحدى رتب الثدييات، وتنقسم إلى عائلين، الأرانب والبيكاوات، ويتفرعان إلى 13 جنس و80 (أحياء)|نوع.

الانتشار

تنتشر الأرنبيات في كل قارات العالم ما عدا أستراليا وأنتركتيكا، وغير موجودة في جنوب الأمريكية.


الخصائص

تتميز حيوانات رتبة أرنبيات الشكل بأنها متوسطة الحجم، تشبه القوارض في كثيرٍ من تصرفاتها وسلوكها، وهم يملكون أذيلااً قصيرة، وقد أدخلها البشر إلى الكثير من مناطق العالم التي لم تكن تعيش فيها سابقاً.

تجتمع طيات الجلد على الشفتين وراء القواطع بحيث بحيث يمكنها الأكل مع إبقاء تجويف الفم مغلقاً، وهي تملك زوجاً من القواطع في كل مربعٍ من الفك العلوي، وهي تملك قواطع كبيرةٍ مثل التي تملكها القوارض، وهذه القواطع الكبيرة تستمر في النمو مدى الحياة، لذلك على الأرنبيات أن تقوم بعض الأشياء وتقصير القواطع الكبيرة باستمرار وإلا طالت وانغرست في رقبتها وقتلتها.

وجميع الأرنبيات تعيش تحت الأرض وهي تعيش في كل مكانٍ بدءاً من الغابات الاستوائية وحتى التندرا القطبية، وتقوم الأرنبيات بإخراج نوعين من الفضلات، أحدهما هو الرطب وتأكله مرة أخرى لمزيد من امتصاص المغذيات، والنوع الآخر هو النوع الجاف وهي تتركه.

Differences between lagomorphs and other mammals

Although lagomorphs are more closely related to rodents than any other mammals,[2] the two orders still have some major differences. Lagomorphs differ from rodents in that the former have four incisors in the upper jaw (not two, as in the Rodentia). Also, lagomorphs are almost strictly herbivorous, unlike rodents, many of which will eat both meat and vegetable matter. They resemble rodents, however, in that their incisor teeth grow continuously throughout their lives, thus necessitating constant chewing on fibrous food to prevent the teeth from growing too long.[3][4]

Differences between families of lagomorphs

Pikas

American pika in Alberta

Hares

Scrub hare in South Africa

Hares, members of genus Lepus of family Leporidae, are medium size mammals native to all the continents except South America, Australia and Antarctica. North American jackrabbits are actually hares. Species vary in size from 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) in length and have long powerful back legs, and ears up to 20 cm (8 in) in length. Although usually greyish-brown, some species turn white in winter. They are solitary animals and several litters of young are born during the year in a form, a hollow in the ground amongst dense vegetation. The young are born fully furred and active. Hares eat plant material including stripping the bark off tree trunks. They are preyed upon by large mammalian carnivores and birds of prey.[5]

Rabbits

Rabbits, members of family Leporidae outside Lepus, are generally much smaller than hares and include the rock hares and the hispid hare. They are native to Europe, parts of Africa, Central and Southern Asia, North America and much of South America. They inhabit both grassland and arid regions. They vary in size from 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in) and have long, powerful hind legs, shorter forelegs and a tiny tail. The colour is some shade of brown, buff or grey and there is one black species and two striped ones. Domesticated rabbits come in a wider variety of colours. Although most species live and breed in burrows, the cottontails and hispid hares have forms (nests). Some of the burrowing species are colonial, but most are solitary or may feed together in small groups. Rabbits play an important part in the terrestrial food chain, eating a wide range of forbs, grasses, and herbs, and being part of the staple diet of many carnivorous species.

Distribution

Lagomorphs are widespread around the world and inhabit every continent except Antarctica. However, they are not found in most of the southern cone of South America, in the West Indies, Indonesia or Madagascar, nor on many islands. Although they are not native to Australia, humans have introduced them there and they have successfully colonized many parts of the country and caused disruption to native species.[6]

التصنيف

Fossil occurrences of leporids and ochotonids and global environmental change (climate change, C3/C4 plants distribution).[7]


انظر أيضا

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب قالب:MSW3 Hoffmann
  2. ^ "Natural History Collections: Introduction to Lagomorphs". www.nhc.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
  3. ^ Best, T. L., Henry, T. H. (1994-06-02). "Lepus arcticus". Mammalian Species. 457 (457): 1–9. doi:10.2307/3504088. ISSN 0076-3519. JSTOR 3504088. OCLC 46381503.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Britannialagomorph
  5. ^ Smith, Andrew T. "Hare". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  6. ^ Klappenbach, Laura. "Hares, Rabbits and Pikas". About.com. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
  7. ^ Ge, Deyan; Wen, Zhixin; Xia, Lin; Zhang, Zhaoqun; Erbajeva, Margarita; Huang, Chengming; Yang, Qisen (April 3, 2013). "Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change". PLoS ONE. 8 (4:e59668): e59668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059668. PMC 3616043. PMID 23573205. Retrieved May 22, 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ The Paleobiology Database Lagomorpha entry Accessed on 13 May 2010