اسپرطة، لاكونيا
اسپرطة
Σπάρτη | |
|---|---|
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى اليمين: مسرح اسپرطة القديم، Gkortsologou Street, متحف اسپرطة الأثري, Spartathlon Monument, Olive and Greek Olive Oil Museum, Sparta Town Hall, Koumantareios Gallery on Balasaki House | |
  اسپرطة الموقع في المنطقة  | |
| الإحداثيات: 37°04′26″N 22°25′46″E / 37.07389°N 22.42944°E | |
| البلد |  اليونان |
| المنطقة الادارية | Peloponnese |
| الوحدة المحلية | لاكونيا |
| الحكومة | |
| • العمدة | Petros Doukas (اعتبارا من 2020[تحديث]) |
| المساحة | |
| • البلدية | 1٬181٫8 كم² (456٫3 ميل²) |
| • الوحدة البلدية | 84٫5 كم² (32٫6 ميل²) |
| أوطى منسوب | 200 m (700 ft) |
| التعداد (2011)[1] | |
| • البلدية | 35٬259 |
| • كثافة البلدية | 30/km2 (77/sq mi) |
| • الوحدة البلدية | 19٬854 |
| • كثافة الوحدة البلدية | 230/km2 (610/sq mi) |
| صفة المواطن | Spartan(s) |
| Community | |
| • التعداد | 17٬408 (2011) |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 231 00 |
| مفتاح الهاتف | 27310 |
| Vehicle registration | ΑΚ |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www |
Sparta (باليونانية: Σπάρτη Spárti [ˈsparti]) is a city and municipality in Laconia, Greece. It lies at the site of ancient Sparta. The municipality was merged with six nearby municipalities in 2011, for a total population (as of 2011) of 35,259, of whom 17,408 lived in the city.
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التاريخ
Beginning in the 13th century, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to Mystras, some 4 km to the west. The settlement at ancient Sparta, named Lacedaemonia, continued to exist, although greatly depopulated, until modern times as a town of a few thousand people who lived among the ruins, in the shadow of Mystras.[2] The Palaiologos family (the last Byzantine Greek imperial dynasty) also lived in Mystras. The Despotate of the Morea was captured by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1460.
In 1834, after the Greek War of Independence, King Otto of Greece decreed the town should be expanded into a city. Modern day Sparta, the capital of the prefecture of Lakonia, lies on the eastern foothills of Mount Taygetos in the Evrotas River valley. The city has been built upon the site of ancient Sparta, whose Acropolis lies north of the modern city.[3] To the southwest stands Mt. Taygetos. To the east of the city stands the Parnonas mountain range, which is forested predominantly with Greek fir trees and other conifers.
Modern Sparta's origins date back to October 20, 1834, when King Otto issued a decree on the construction of the new city. Bavarian city planners, headed by Fr. Stauffert, designed a city of 100,000 inhabitants based on the neo-classical architectural model.
Today Sparta maintains its good design, boasting large squares and wide streets lined with trees, while many of the older buildings remain in excellent condition. The city of Sparta is the economic, administrative and cultural center of Lakonia. A key factor in the advancement of the city's development is the operation of two departments of the University of Peloponnese and a department of the Technological Educational Institute.
The centrally located main square is dominated by the most imposing neo-classical building in Sparta, the City Hall. Built in 1909, City Hall bears the signature of the Greek architect G. Katsaros.[4] During the monarchy (which was abolished by referendum in 1973), the title of Duke of Sparta was used for the Greek crown prince, the διάδοχος (diádokhos).
البلدية
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The municipality of Sparta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following seven former municipalities, that became municipal units:[5]
The municipality has an area of 1,181.780 km2, the municipal unit 84.453 km2.[6] The municipal unit consists of the local communities Sparta, Afisi, Amykles, Kalyvia Sochas and Kladas.[5]
السياسة
Sparta is regarded as one of the most conservative cities in Greece; it has never had a left-wing mayor and it was one of the few cities that voted in 1974 to retain the monarchy. Laconia was the region with the highest proportion of "yes" votes (which was supported by the conservative party) in the 2015 bailout referendum.
السكان
| السنة | البلدة | الوحدة البلدية | البلدية |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | 10,412 | — | — |
| 1981 | 12,975 | — | — |
| 1991 | 13,011 | 16,322 | — |
| 2001 | 14,817 | 19,567 | — |
| 2011 | 17,408 | 19,854 | 35,259 |
المناخ
The city of Sparta enjoys a sunny and warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). Winters are mild and cool, while summers tend to be particularly hot. January mean maximum temperatures are around 14 °C (57 °F) while July and August mean maximum temperatures are around 36 °C (97 °F) in the city proper. Sparta registers the highest summer average maximum temperatures in Greece[7] and is notorious for its scorching summer heat. In July 2012 the city registered an average maximum temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F), making it Greece's highest monthly average maximum temperature to date.[8] The highest temperature ever recorded in Sparta is 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) in August 2021. [9]
| Climate data for اسپرطة، لاكونيا، محطة الوحدة المحلية (N.O.A, 2010–2019) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
32.5 (90.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.9 (96.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
17.7 (63.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 143.0 (5.63) |
102.0 (4.02) |
60.0 (2.36) |
32.0 (1.26) |
23.0 (0.91) |
35.0 (1.38) |
14.0 (0.55) |
14.0 (0.55) |
56.0 (2.20) |
55.0 (2.17) |
84.0 (3.31) |
86.0 (3.39) |
704 (27.73) |
| Source: National Observatory of Athens[10] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sparta Air Base (HNMS ,1974–2004) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
24.0 (75.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 90.7 (3.57) |
84.6 (3.33) |
73.3 (2.89) |
66.0 (2.60) |
47.4 (1.87) |
14.6 (0.57) |
18.8 (0.74) |
26.4 (1.04) |
30.8 (1.21) |
54.6 (2.15) |
90.0 (3.54) |
107.9 (4.25) |
705.1 (27.76) |
| Source: Meteoclub.gr[11] | |||||||||||||
السياحة
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المواقع الرئيسية
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In the center of the city is the Archaeological Museum. Built by architect G. Katsaros, in 1874–76 to house the collection of local archaeological finds by Panagiotis Stamatakis, it was the first Greek museum in a provincial city.
The city's cathedral is at the southwest end.
The ruins of ancient Sparta lie north of the city. Entering by the South Gate of the Acropolis, known as Lakedaemonia, there is the Rotunda, the Theatre and the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos to the West. Exiting the Acropolis by the North Gate there are the remains of the earliest ancient walls, the Heroon and the Altar of Lycourgos, whereas to the East there is the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia. To the North is the Monastic Church of Osios Nikonas (10th century).
The "Tomb of Leonidas", or Leonidaion (37°04′36″N 22°25′31″E / 37.0767°N 22.4254°E), is a limestone structure of the late 5th century BC, likely a temple, but named for Leonidas I in the 19th century, being the only ancient monument indicated within the limits of the newly-planned town in 1834.[12]
المتاحف
- متحف اسپرطة الأثري
- The Museum of the Olive and Greek Olive Oil in the South West end highlights the culture of the olive and the technology of olive production, 129 Othonos–Amalias Street [1]
- Archaeological Museum of Mystras, founded by Gabriel Lilianthal in the late 19th century
- The Manousakeio Museum of urban and folk life [2]
- Koumantareios Art Gallery of Sparta [3]
- Angakis Art Gallery [4]
الرياضة
The Spartathlon has taken place every September since 1983. It is an ultramarathon starting in Athens and finishing in Sparta at the statue of Leonidas, with many international participants.
The local football club was Sparta F.C.
أشخاص
- Babis Petrakos, footballer
- Nikiforos Vrettakos, writer
Twin towns – sister cities
Brunswick (Melbourne), Australia
Lapithos, Cyprus- Morphou, Cyprus
Le Plessis-Trévise, France
Sopron, Hungary
Stamford, United States
Tanagura, Japan
Taranto, Italy
Salamanca, Spain
المراجع
- ^ أ ب "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in اليونانية). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- ^ "Αρχαία Σπάρτη". Αρχαιολογία Online (in اليونانية). Retrieved 2019-07-17.
- ^ "Modern day Sparta". Retrieved 2014-09-06.
- ^ أ ب "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in اليونانية). Government Gazette.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in اليونانية). National Statistical Service of Greece.
- ^ "Meteoclub.gr". Retrieved 2014-09-05.
- ^ "N.O.A July 2012 bulletin" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ Deltio data
- ^ "Climate" (in اليونانية). National Observatory of Athens. Retrieved 10 Apr 2022.
- ^ Σπάρτη : H υπερδύναμη της καλοκαιρινής ζέστης στην Ελλάδα (in اليونانية). Meteoclub. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
- ^ Sofia Voutsaki, Paul Cartledge, Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities: A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece (2017), p. 50f.
- ^ "Αδελφοποιημένες Πόλεις". sparti.gov.gr (in اليونانية). Sparta. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
وصلات خارجية
- Laconia.org
- Official website Sparta municipality (in Greek)
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| أرگوليس | ||
| كورينثيا | ||
| لاكونيا | ||
| ميسينا | ||
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- اسپرطة
- Municipalities of Peloponnese (region)
- Populated places in Laconia
- Greek prefectural capitals
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- Planned cities in Greece