إنچن

Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
(تم التحويل من إنشون)
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إنچن
인천시
仁川市
Incheon
مدينة حضرية
مدينة إنشون العمرانية
인천광역시
仁川廣域市
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Korean name
 • Hangul인천광역시
 • Hanja仁川廣域市
 • Revised RomanizationIncheon Gwang-yeoksi
 • McCune-ReischauerInch'ŏn Kwang'yŏkshi
Korean name short form transcription(s)
 • Hangul인천
 • Revised RomanizationIncheon
 • McCune-ReischauerInch'ŏn
Songdo International Business District
Jeondeungsa
Freedom Park
Incheon Bridge
Incheon International Airport
Incheon Football Stadium
الشعار الرسمي لـ إنچن
شعار إنشئون
خريطة كوريا الجنوبية وفيها إنشئون مبينة
خريطة كوريا الجنوبية وفيها إنشئون مبينة
الإحداثيات: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
البلدكوريا الجنوبية
المنطقةسودوگوون
تأسست1883 as Chemulpo
التقسيمات
الحكومة
 • النوعمدينة حضرية
 • العمدةAhn Sang-soo
 • Council ChairmanChang-Gyu Park
المساحة
 • الإجمالي964٫53 كم² (372٫41 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2005 est.)[1]
 • الإجمالي2٬628٬000
 • الكثافة2٬700/km2 (7٬100/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)
اللهجةسئول
الزهرةوردة
الشجرةTulip tree
الطائرCrane
الموقع الإلكترونيenglish.incheon.go.kr

إنتشون (الكورية: 인천; هانجا: 仁川؛ النطق الكوري: [intɕʰʌ̹n]؛ أو Inch'ŏn؛ حرفياً "النهر الحنون")، سابقاً Jemulpo أو Chemulp'o (제물포) حتى الفترة بعد 1910، رسمياً مدينة إنتشون العمرانية (인천광역시, 仁川廣域市)، هي مدينة صناعية كبيرة في الشمال الشرقي من كوريا الجنوبية، عدد سكانها 1,817,919 نسمة، وهي ثانية أكبر موانئ كوريا الجنوبية. ولا يفوقها من حيث الكبر إلا ميناء بوسان. وتقع إنشون على ساحل البحر الأصفر على بعد نحو 32 كم إلى الجنوب الشرقي من سول العاصمة، وللتعرف على موقعها. Inhabited since the Neolithic, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third-most-populous city after Seoul and Busan.[2]

The city's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital. It is part of the Seoul Capital Area, along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province, forming the world's fourth-largest metropolitan area by population.

Incheon has since led the economic development of South Korea by opening its port to the outside world, ushering in the modernization of South Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as South Korea's first free economic zone.[3][4] Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.[بحاجة لمصدر]

As an international city, Incheon has held numerous large-scale international conferences, such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009. The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014. Incheon is also a major transportation hub in northeast Asia, with Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port.[بحاجة لمصدر] The large volume of port traffic makes Incheon a Large-Port Metropolis using the Southampton System of Port-City classification.[5]

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History

The first historical record of the Incheon area dates back to 475 CE, during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo, by the name of Michuhol, which is supposed to be located on today's Munhak Hill (문학산). The area underwent several name changes with successive kingdoms and dynasties. In Goryeo era, Incheon was called Gyeongwon (경원) or Inju (인주). The current name was turned to Incheon in 1413.[بحاجة لمصدر] Later, Incheon County became Incheon Metropolitan Prefecture (dohobu, 도호부). Old Incheon consisted of today's southern Incheon (i.e. Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, Yeonsu-gu, and Namdong-gu) and the northern part of Siheung City. The city center was Gwangyo-dong, where the prefecture office (도호부청사) and the local academy (hyanggyo, 향교) were located. The "original" two remaining buildings of the Incheon prefecture office are located in Munhak Elementary School, while the newly built (in 2001) prefecture office buildings are right across from Munhak Baseball Stadium.


Modern history

Jemulpo in 1890

Another historical name of the city, Jemulpo (alternatively Romanized as Chemulpo), was not widely used until the opening of the port in 1883. It was frequently used until the Japanese annexation.[6][7] After the opening of the Incheon port, the city center moved from Gwangyo to Jemulpo. Today, either Jemulpo or Gwangyo-dong is considered "Original Incheon" (원인천). It was internationally known as Jinsen during Japanese rule, based on the Japanese pronunciation of Incheon's Sino-Korean name.

In 1914, the Japanese colonial government merged outer parts of old Incheon (including the former center of Gwangyo) with Bupyeong County, forming Bucheon County.[8] Between 1936 and 1940, some part of Bucheon County was recombined into Incheon City, by which some part of "old" Bupyeong was annexed into Incheon.

Incheon was originally part of Gyeonggi Province, but was granted Directly Governed (now Metropolitan) City status on 1 July 1981; the city officially separated from the province. In 1989, neighboring islands and Gyeyang township of Gimpo County[أ] were ceded to Incheon and in 1995 Geomdan township of Gimpo County and two counties of Ganghwa and Onjin were annexed to Incheon Metropolitan City.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Incheon was known as Inchon prior to South Korea's adoption of a new Romanization system in 2000.[9]

Juan-dong, Incheon attacked with tear gas in May 1987

Major events

The city was the site of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay, where the first shots of the Russo-Japanese War were fired.

During the Korean War, Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 July 1950. Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon when the United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory and it was recaptured on 19 September 1950.[10] يوإس‌إس Inchon was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued.

Prior to and during the June Democratic Movement in 1987, Incheon was the site of several pro-democracy protests.

Incheon has also hosted a series of major international events. The Global Fair & Festival 2009 Incheon was held in the Songdo District in August 2009. It was open from 7 August to 25 October for a period of 80 days. It was a comprehensive international event with global institutions and corporations as participants. Various musicians and artists performed during the event.

The city hosted a meeting of the G20 Finance Ministers in February 2010.[11] Incheon was the site of the third Global Model United Nations Conference, held from 10 to 14 August 2011.

It first hosted the Incheon Women Artists' Biennale in 2004 which expanded into welcoming international artists in its subsequent 2007, 2009[12] and 2011.

Incheon hosted the Asian Games in 2014.[13] It hosted the 6th OECD World Forum in 2018.[14]

Incheon was designated as the World Book Capital for the year 2015 by UNESCO.[15]

Education

On 27 February 2007, Incheon declared itself an "English City," and inaugurated the "Incheon Free English Zone" program. The goal of the program is to make the city as proficient in English as Singapore.[16] This is for the ultimate purpose of establishing Incheon as a commercial and business hub of northeast Asia (see Free Economic Zone below). The official slogan of the program is "Smile with English."[بحاجة لمصدر]

Higher education

انظر أيضاً: Category:Universities and colleges in Incheon

Incheon is home to a number of colleges and universities:

الصناعات

وتشمل صناعات إنشون صيد الأسماك، وصناعة الشحن بالسفن، وتصنيع المواد الكيميائية والحديد، والفولاذ، والمنسوجات. ويتسع الميناء لنحو 30 سفينة كبيرة في وقت واحد. وتتصل إنشون مع سول بخط حديدي، وبنظام قطارات الأنفاق، وبطريق عام حديث. وكانت إنشون في قديم الزمان قرية صغيرة يسكنها صائدو الأسماك، وتطورت لتصبح ميناءً كبيرًا بعد أن أجبرت الدول الأجنبية كوريا على فتح المدينة وغيرها من الموانئ للتجارة العالمية في الثمانينيات من القرن التاسع عشر. وفي عام 1950، وأثناء الحرب الكورية، قامت قوات الولايات المتحدة بإنزال مفاجئ في إنشون. وبعد عملية الإنزال صدت قوات الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية قوات كوريا الشمالية التي غزت كوريا الجنوبية.

وبدأت إنشون تتطور لتصبح مركزًا صناعيًا كبيرًا في أواخر الستينيات من القرن العشرين، وأنشئت منذ ذلك التاريخ مئات من المصانع في المدينة والمنطقة المحيطة بها. وزاد عدد سكانها بصورة كبيرة منذ بداية الازدهار الصناعي، وأدى هذا إلى أزمات في الإسكان نتجت عنها مشكلات سكانية عديدة.

المناخ

إنشون
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
22
 
1
−7
 
 
23
 
3
−5
 
 
40
 
8
1
 
 
87
 
15
7
 
 
83
 
20
12
 
 
108
 
24
17
 
 
285
 
27
21
 
 
252
 
28
22
 
 
152
 
25
17
 
 
48
 
19
10
 
 
50
 
11
3
 
 
20
 
4
−3
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم
المصدر: climate-charts.com


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التعليم العالي

انشيون هي موطن لعدد من الكليات والجامعات :

الرياضة

إنشئون موطن العديد من الرياضات:

البيسبول

The KBO team SK Wyverns.

كرة السلة

KBL team Incheon ET Land Blackslamers.

كرة القدم

K-League team Incheon United.
The National League team Incheon Korail.

النقل والمواصلات

View of the station at Incheon International Airport.

تعتبر انشون المركز الرئيسي للنقل المحلي والدولي في كوريا

البحر

انشون تعتبر ثاني ميناء في كوريا بعد ميناء بوسان


شخصيات من انشون

المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة

وصلات خارجية

  1. ^ http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_888.cgi?ID=DT_1IN0001&IDTYPE=3&A_LANG=2&FPUB=4&SELITEM=0
  2. ^ "Population, Households and Housing Units". Statistics Korea. 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  3. ^ Bost, F. "World Free Zones Organization; Index cards by country; SOUTH KOREA" (PDF). World Free Zones Organization. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  4. ^ Lee, Changwon (2005-12-01). "Development of Free Economic Zones and Labor Standards: A Case Study of Free Economic Zones in Korea". DigitalCollections@ILR (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). hdl:1813/89761.
  5. ^ Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. S2CID 225502755.
  6. ^ Incheon Metropolitan City Archived 7 يناير 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Ewing, Stefan (25 January 2006). "By Train from Seoul to Incheon – and Jemulpo, too". Korea Web. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  8. ^ "GAMEON'ASIA 2015, March 25–27, 2015, Ghent University, Incheon, South-Korea, Conference Venue | EUROSIS". www.eurosis.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  9. ^ Herald, Korea (2022-03-02). "[Lee Kyong-hee] Romanization of Korean – alphabet buffet". The Korea Herald (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  10. ^ Bill Sloan, The Darkest Summer: Pusan and Inchon 1950: The Battles That Saved South Korea—and the Marines—From Extinction(2009)
  11. ^ "G20 Information Centre". utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  12. ^ Garcia, Cathy Rose A. (30 July 2009). "Spotlight on Women Artists at Incheon Biennale". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
  13. ^ "- Olympic Council of Asia". www.ocasia.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
  14. ^ "The 6th OECD World Forum: the Future of Well-being, 27–29 November 2018, Incheon, Korea". OECD. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
  15. ^ "Incheon (Republic of Korea) named World Book Capital 2015". UNESCO (in الإنجليزية). 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  16. ^ "Arirang News". Arirang.co.kr. 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.


خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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