إمارة صاغانيان
إمارة صاغانيان (في المصادر العربية) أو چاغانيان Principality of Chaghaniyan، كانت أسرة حاكمة إيرانية محلية حكمت منطقة چاغانيان من مطلع القرن السابع حتى أواخر القرن الثامن. حكام المنطقة كانوا يُعرفوا بألقاب “Chaghan Khudah” (بالفارسية الوسطى؛ Čagīnīgān Xvaday، وتعني “سيد چاغانيان”).a[›]
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التاريخ
أثناء مطلع القرن السابع، Chaghaniyan became independent from Hephthalite rule, and came under the control of local rulers known as the “Chaghan Khudah”.[1] أثناء الفتح الإسلامي لفارس، ساعد Chaghan Khudah أقاربه، الساسانيين، في نضالهم ضد الخلفاء الراشدون. However, the Arabs, after having dealt with the Sasanian Empire, began focusing on the local rulers of Khorasan, which included the Chaghan Khudah and many other local rulers. In 652, the Chaghan Khudah, along with the rulers of Talaqan, Guzgan, and Faryab, aided the ruler of southern Tokharistan against the Arabs. Nevertheless the Arabs managed to emerge victorious during the battle. However, the Rashidun Caliphate soon fell into civil war, and was conquered by another Arab family, who founded the Umayyad Caliphate. During the early 660s, the Chaghan Khudah, known as Turantash, sent an envoy under his chancellor Pukarzate to Varkhuman، الملك الصغدي على سمرقند.[2]
في 705، تمكن القائد العسكري العربي قتيبة بن مسلم من جعل الچاغان خدا، الذي ذُكِر أن اسمه طيش، يعترف بسيادة الأمويين عليه. إلا أن السبب الحقيقي لخضوع طيش كان الحصول على دعم ليهزم الحكام المحليين لكل من آخرون وشومان في شمال طخارستان، الذين كانوا يغيرون عليه.[1][3] وسرعان ما هزم قتيبة الحاكمين، وأجبرهما على الخضوع للأمويين.
إلا أنه في 718، أرسل طيش، مع گوراك، ملك سمرقند، Narayana, the king of Kumadh, and Tughshada, the Bukhar Khudah of بخارى, sent an embassy to the Tang dynasty of China, where they asked for aid against the Arabs.[4] Nevertheless, the principality of Chaghaniyan still aided the Arabs against the Turgesh, and were present at the side of the Arabs during the يوم الأثقال, where they were defeated and the Chaghan Khudah was killed. After the battle, most of Khorasan except Chaghaniyan remained under Arab control. Under نصر بن سيار, Chaghaniyan was once again a vassal of the Umayyad Caliphate. After this, the Chaghan Khudahs begin to fade from the sources. In the late 8th-century Chaghaniyan fell under the direct control of the الخلافة العباسية، which had succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate in 750. The Muhtajids, an Iranian dynasty which in the 10th-century gained control over Chaghaniyan, may have been descended from the Chaghan Khudahs.[5]
ملاحظات
^ a: Also spelled Chaghan Khuda, Chaghan Khoda, and Saghan Khuda,
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Bosworth 1990, pp. 614–615.
- ^ Hansen 2012, p. 127.
- ^ Gibb 1923, p. 32.
- ^ Gibb 1923, p. 60.
- ^ Bosworth 1984, pp. 764-766.
المصادر
- Bosworth, C. E. (1986). "Ḳutayba b. Muslim". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden and New York: Brill. pp. 541–542. ISBN 90-04-07819-3.
- Gibb, H. A. R. (1923). The Arab Conquests in Central Asia. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. OCLC 685253133.
- Shaban, M. A. (1979). The 'Abbāsid Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29534-3.
- Blankinship, Khalid Yahya, ed. (1989). The History of Al-Tabari, Vol. XXV, The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hisham A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-569-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1827-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - B. A. Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 1–569. ISBN 9789231032110.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. University of Calcutta.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1990). "ČAḠĀNĪĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 614–615.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bosworth, C. Edmund (1984). "ĀL-E MOḤTĀJ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 764–766.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hansen, Valerie (2012). The Silk Road. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–304. ISBN 9780195159318.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)