إدارة الحقوق الرقمية

إدارة الحقوق الرقمية (الإنكليزية: Digital rights management)، هو مصطلح عام للدلالة على تقانات تحكم الوصول التي يمكن استخدامها من قبل مصنعي العتاد والناشرين وحاملي حقوق النسخ والأفراد لفرض حدود على استخدام المحتوى والعتاد الرقمي. يستخدم هذا المصطلح للدلالة أيضاً على كل تقانة من شأنها أن تمنع أي استخدام غير مرغوب به للمحتوى الرقمي من قبل مزوّده. ولا يشير هذا المصطلح عادة للأشكال الأخرى للحماية من النسخ، والتي يمكن التحايل عليها دون إجراء تعديل على الملف أو الجهاز، كالأرقام التسلسلية Serial numbers والملفات المفتاحية Keyfile. تستخدم هذه تقانات إدارة الحقوق الرقمية من قبل العديد من الشركات مثل سوني، أمازون، آبل، مايكروسوفت، أي أو إل، وبي بي سي.

هذه التقانات هي موضع جدل، فالمؤيدين لها يقولون أنها ضرورية لحاملي حقوق النسخ لمنع النَّسْخ غير المرخص لأعمالهم، في حين يعتقد المعارضين مثل منظمة البرمجيات الحرة (من خلال حملة معيب بالتصميم) أن كلمة "حقوق" مضللة، ويقترحون تسمية أخرى هي إدارة القيود الرقمية، فهم يقولون إن هذه التقانات تحد من استخدام المواد المحمية بشكل تسمح به قوانين حقوق النسخ الحالية، وبشكل لا ينبغي لقوانين المستقبل أن تمنعه. تصنف مؤسسة التخم الرقمي Electronic Frontier Foundation هذه التقانات على أنها ممارسات غير تنافسية.

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 روابط خارجية

• ماهي DRM مؤسسة البرمجيات الحرة
• إدارة الحقوق الرقمية لـ ‎Windows Media Player: الأسئلة المتداولة
• مقال عن DRM جريدة الرياض

 جدول بتقانات الحقوق الرقمية والأجهزة المقابلة

Name	Used In	Date of Use	Description
DRM Schemes Currently in Use
Personal computer DRM
Windows Media DRM	Many Online Video Distribution Networks	1999+	WMV DRM is designed to provide secure delivery of audio and/or video content over an IP network to a PC or other playback device in such a way that the distributor can control how that content is used.
FairPlay	The iTunes Store, iPod	2003+	Purchased music files were encoded as AAC, then encrypted with an additional format that renders the file exclusively compatible with iTunes and the iPod. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that the iTunes Store would begin offering all songs DRM-free.
Helix & Harmony	Real Networks services	2003+	A DRM system from Real Networks intended to be interoperable with other DRM schemes, particularly FairPlay. Ultimately used only by Real Networks.
Excel Software [1]	Business, educational, government and consumer applications	2006+	Protection for Mac and Windows applications, plugins, DLLs, multimedia and documents with manual and automated activation, trial and perpetual licenses, software subscriptions, floating and dynamic licenses, network floating licenses and user friendly license release, restore, suspend and automated feature delivery.
Adobe Protected Streaming	Flash Video/Audio Streaming	2006+	The Media-Streams are encrypted "on the fly" by the Flash Media Server (the protocol used is rtmpe or rtmps). In addition the client player can be verified via "SWF-Verification", to make sure that only the official client can be used.
PlayReady	Computers, Mobile and Portable Devices	2007+	PlayReady is designed to encrypt WMA, WMV, AAC, AAC+, enhanced AAC+, and H.263 and H.264 codecs files. PlayReady is actually a new version of Windows Media DRM for Silverlight. Silverlight 2-based online content can be restricted using PlayReady and played back via the Silverlight plug-in. PlayReady is promoted by Microsoft
DRM-X	Computers, Audio/Video Streaming	2007+	A DRM system from Haihaisoft is designed to encrypt both audio/video, swf, and PDF documents. The viewer is based-on Haihaisoft Universal Player and PDF Reader. It restricts play count, expires date, and with Watermarks technology.
Portable device DRM
Janus WMA DRM	All PlaysForSure Devices	2004+	Janus is the codename for a portable version of Windows Media DRM intended portable devices.
OMA DRM	Implemented in over 550 phone models.	2004+	A DRM system invented by the Open Mobile Alliance to control copying of cell phone ring tones. Also used to control access to media files, such as video.
Storage media DRM
VHS Macrovision	Almost all VHS Video through the end of the 20th Century	1984+	When dubbing a Macrovision-encoded tape, a video stream which has passed through the recording VCR will become dark and then normal again periodically, degrading quality. The picture may also become unstable when darkest.
Content-scrambling system (CSS)	Some DVD Discs	1996+	CSS utilizes a weak, 40-bit stream cipher to actively encrypt DVD-Video.
DVD Region Code	Some DVD Discs	1996+	Many DVD-Video discs contain one or more region codes, marking those area[s] of the world in which playback is permitted. This restriction enforces artificial market segmentation.
ARccOS Protection	Some DVD Discs	1997?	Adds corrupt data sectors to the DVD, preventing computer software implementing computer standards from successfully reading the media. DVD players execute the on-disk program which skips the (corrupt) ARccOS sectors.
OpenMG	ATRAC audio devices (e.g., MiniDisc players), Memory Stick based audio players, AnyMusic distribution service	1999+	A proprietary DRM system invented and promoted by Sony.
BD+	Blu-ray Discs	2005+	A virtual machine embedded in authorized Blu-ray players that runs a security check on the playback environment to ensure that it has not been compromised. It also performs necessary descrambling of the audio/video stream on discs, allowing the content to be rendered.
DRM Schemes no Longer in Use
Extended Copy Protection	Sony and BMG CDs	2005	Also known as the 'Sony Rootkit'. Although not classified as a virus by many anti-virus software producers, it bore many virus-like and trojan-like characteristics, rendering it illegal in some places and dangerous to infected computers in all. After it became publicly known, protests and litigation resulted in withdrawal by Sony. The US litigation was settled by payment by Sony.
DRM Schemes Proposed
Marlin (DRM)	Marlin Developer Community (MDC)