أندريا موهوروڤتشيتش

Andrija Mohorovičić
Portrait of Andria Mohorovicic.gif
Portrait of Andrija Mohorovičić
وُلِدَ23 January 1857
Opatija, Austrian Littoral, Austrian Empire
توفي18 ديسمبر 1936(1936-12-18) (aged 79)
Zagreb, Sava Banovina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
اللقبEponym for the Mohorovičić discontinuity

أندريا موهوروڤتشيتش Andrija Mohorovičić ‏(23 يناير 1857 – 18 ديسمبر 1936) was a Croatian[1] geophysicist. He is best known for the eponymous Mohorovičić discontinuity and is considered one of the founders of modern seismology.[2][3]

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النشأة

The house in Volosko where Mohorovičić was born

Mohorovičić was born in Volosko, Opatija, where his father (also named Andrija), was a blacksmith, making anchors. The younger Andrija also loved the sea and married a captain's daughter, Silvija Vernić. They had four sons. Mohorovičić obtained his elementary education in his home town, then continued at the gymnasium of neighbouring Rijeka. He received his higher education in mathematics and physics at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prague in 1875, where one of his professors was Ernst Mach. At 15, Mohorovičić knew Italian, English and French. Later he learned German, Latin and Ancient Greek.[4]

Mohorovičić c. 1880
Detail of a commemorative plaque of Mohorovičić in Clementinum, Prague, Czech Republic
Mohorovičić on a 1963 Yugoslavian stamp


السيرة في التعليم

He taught first at high school in Zagreb (1879–1880), then at secondary school in Osijek. From 1882, he taught for nine years at the Royal Nautical School in Bakar, near Rijeka. Work started or completed there was important to his later scientific career. From 1893, when he became a corresponding member of the Faculty of Philosophy, جامعة زغرب, to 1917–18 he taught in the fields of geophysics and astronomy. In 1898 he became a full member of what was then the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, where he was a private docent. In 1910 he became titular associate university professor.[4]

الأرصاد الجوية

In Bakar he was first exposed to meteorology, which he taught at the Royal Nautical School. This influenced him to the extent that he founded the local meteorological station in 1887. He made systematic studies and both invented and constructed instruments to observe precipitation in Croatia and Slavonia. At his own request in 1891, he was transferred to the secondary school in Zagreb where, in 1892, he soon became a head of the Meteorological Observatory in Grič and established a service for all Croatia, while teaching geophysics and astronomy at the university.[4][5]

On 13 March 1892, he observed the tornado in Novska, which picked up a 13-ton railway carriage with fifty passengers and threw it 30 m. He observed also the "vihor" (whirlwind) near Čazma in 1898 and studied the climate in Zagreb. Mohorovičić was the first person to describe atmospheric rotors with a horizontal axis, which he observed during bora-wind episodes in the northern Adriatic.[6] In his last paper on meteorology (1901), he discussed the decrease in atmospheric temperature with height. His observations of clouds formed the basis of his doctoral thesis On the Observation of Clouds, the Daily and Annual Cloud Period in Bakar presented to the University of Zagreb and which earned him his degree as doctor of philosophy in 1893.[4][5]

السيزمولوجيا

On 8 October 1909 there was an earthquake with its epicenter in the Pokuplje region, 39 km southeast of Zagreb. A number of seismographs had been installed beforehand and these provided invaluable data, upon which he made new discoveries. He concluded that when seismic waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted, just as light is when striking a prism, and that when earthquakes occur, two waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate through the soil with different velocities. By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the Earth has several layers above a core. He was the first to establish, based on the evidence from seismic waves, the discontinuity that separates the Earth's crust from its mantle. This is now called the Mohorovičić discontinuity or (because of the complexity of that name) Moho. According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km.[7] We know today that the crust is 5–9 km below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which are carried on tectonic plates. Subsequent study of the Earth's interior confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans.

Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic waves is called the Mohorovičić law.[8][9] He developed a method for determining earthquake epicenters[10] and constructed curves giving the travel times of seismic waves over distances of up to 10,000 miles from the source.[11][12] He also proposed the construction of a new type of seismograph for recording the ground horizontal movement, but due to lack of funds the project was never realized.[13]

As early as 1909 Mohorovičić started giving lectures that both architects and building contractors should follow, ahead of his time setting some of the basic principles of earthquake-resistant design.[4][14] Mohorovičić's theories were visionary and were only truly understood many years later from detailed observations of the effects of earthquakes on buildings, deep focus earthquakes, locating earthquake epicenters, Earth models, seismographs, harnessing the energy of the wind, hail defence and other related elements of the geological body of knowledge known as geoscience.

الإرث

The crater Mohorovičić on the far side of the Moon is named in his honour. A gymnasium in Rijeka, Croatia and a school ship in the Croatian Navy are named after him, as was (in 1996) asteroid 8422 Mohorovičıć.

الأعمال

  • A. Mohorovičić (1908). "Epicenters of earthquakes in Croatia and Slavonia (Epicentra potresa u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji)". Yearly Report of the Zagreb Meteorological Observatory for the Year 1906. Part IV. pp. 15–19.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1910). "Epicenters of earthquakes in Croatia and Slavonia (Epicentra potresa u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji)". Yearly Report of the Zagreb Meteorological Observatory for the Year 1909.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1911). "The effects of earthquakes on buildings (Djelovanje potresa na zgrade)". Vijesti HRV. Društva in. I arh.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1914). "Hodograph der normalen P-Wellen fur eine mittlere Herdtiefe". Beilage zu den Seismischen Aufzeichnungen. Kr. Zem. Zavod Za Meteorologiju I Geodinamiku, Zagreb.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1914). "Hodograph der ersten longitudinalen Wellen eines Bebens (emersio undarum primarum)". Bulletin des travaux de l'Académie Yougoslave des Sciences et des Beaux-arts, Classe des sciences mathématiques et naturelles. Vol. 2. pp. 139–157.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1915). "Neue Phasen im Anfange des Bildes eines Bebens". Bulletin des travaux de l'Académie Yougoslave des Sciences et des Beaux-arts, Classe des sciences mathématiques et naturelles. Vol. 4. pp. 65–86.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1915). "Zu dem mittelitalienischen Beben vom 13. Jänner 1915. 2. Beilage zu den Seismischen Aufzeichnungen". Kr. Zem. Zavod Za Meteorologiju I Geodinamiku, Zagreb. Vol. 5.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1915). "Zur Frage der Emergenzgeschwindigkeit. 1. Beilage zu den Seismischen Aufzeichnungen". Kr. Zem. Zavod Za Meteorologiju I Geodinamiku, Zagreb. Vol. 4.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1915). "Zur Frage der Emergenzgeschwindigkeit. 1. Beilage zu den Seismischen Aufzeichnungen". Kr. Zem. Zavod Za Meteorologiju I Geodinamiku, Zagreb. Vol. 4.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1916). "Die Bestimmung des Epizentrums eines Nahbebens". Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Vol. 14. pp. 199–205.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1916). "Die Bestimmung des Epizentrums eines Nahbebens". Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Vol. 14. pp. 199–205.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1916). "Vorlaufige Mitteilung uber das Beben vom 12. III. 1916. Berichte uber seismische Aufzeichnungen". Kr. Zem. Zavod Za Meteorologiju I Geodinamiku, Zagreb.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1917). "Principles and construction of a seismograph, and a proposal for construction of a new seismograph for recording of horizontal component of ground motion (Principi konstrukcije sismografa i prijedlog za konstrukciju nova sismografa za horizontalne komponente gibanja zemlje)". Rad JAZU. Vol. 217. pp. 114–150.
  • A. Mohorovičić; S.Mohorovičić (1922). "Hodographs of the longitudinal and transversal earthquake waves (undae primae et undae secundae) (Hodografi longitudinalnih i transversalnih valova potresa (undae primae et undae secundae)). Part 1. Hodographs". Rad JAZU. Vol. 226. pp. 94–190.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1924). "A critical review of the seismic instruments used today and of the organisation of seismic service". Rad JAZU. Vol. 14. pp. 38–59.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1925). "Hodographes des ondes normales P et S soulignees (Pn, P*, S*) et des deux premieres reflexions pour les profondeurs de l'hypocentre de 0, 25, 45, 57 kms". UGGI, Section de Seismologie, A. Travaux Scientifique. Vol. 3. pp. 1–60.
  • A. Mohorovičić (1926). "Zur Frage der wahren Empfindlichkeit eines Seismographen". Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Vol. 15. pp. 201–214.


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انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ krispiessens (2021-01-29). "Croatian earthquakes – Discovery of the Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity". GeoERA (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  2. ^ "Andrya (Andrija) Mohorovicic". Penn State. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Mohorovičić, Andrija". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج "Andrija Mohorovičić (1857–1936)—On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth". seismosoc.org/. Seismological Research Letters. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
  5. ^ أ ب Orlić, Mirko (December 2007). "Andrija Mohorovičić as a meteorologist". Geofizika. 24 (2): 75–91. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
  6. ^ V. Grubišić; M. Orlić (2007). "Early Observations of Rotor Clouds by Andrija Mohorovičić". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 88 (5): 693–700. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88..693G. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-5-693.
  7. ^ Mohorovičić, A. (1910). "Das Beben vom 8. X. 1909" [The quake of 8 October 1909]. Godišnje izvješće Zagrebačkog meteorološkog opservatorija za godinu 1909 / Jahrbuch des meteorologischen Observatoriums in Zagreb (Agram) für das Jahr 1909 [Yearbook of the meteorological observatory in Zagreb (Agram) for the year 1909] (in German): 1–63.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Mohorovičić had observed (p.28) that quakes seemed to generate two types of preliminary tremors (i.e., the earliest recorded tremors from a quake): one type was detected only by stations that were up to 300 km from the epicenter and other type was detected only by stations that were 700 km from the epicenter. After calculating the waves' transit times, Mohorovičić concluded (p. 38) that waves from earthquakes were being reflected by a discontinuity which was located approximately 50 km below the Earth's surface: "Ich entschied mich für eine abgerundete Tiefe von 50 km." (I decided on a rounded-off depth of 50 km.)
  8. ^ K. E. Bullen (1985). An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 9780521283892.
  9. ^ "Discontinuity". gfz.hr. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  10. ^ A. Mohorovičić (1916). "Die Bestimmung des Epizentrums eines Nahbebens". Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Vol. 14. pp. 199–205.
  11. ^ A. Mohorovičić (1914). "Hodograph der normalen P-Wellen fur eine mittlere Herdtiefe". Beilage zu den Seismischen Aufzeichnungen. Kr. Zem. Zavod Za Meteorologiju I Geodinamiku, Zagreb.
  12. ^ A. Mohorovičić (1914). "Hodograph der ersten longitudinalen Wellen eines Bebens (emersio undarum primarum)". Bulletin des travaux de 1'Académie Yougoslave des Sciences et des Beaux-arts, Classe des sciences mathématiques et naturelles. Vol. 2. pp. 139–157.
  13. ^ A. Mohorovičić (1917). "Principles and construction of a seismograph, and a proposal for construction of a new seismograph for recording of horizontal component of ground motion (Principi konstrukcije sismografa i prijedlog za konstrukciju nova sismografa za horizontalne komponente gibanja zemlje)". Rad JAZU. Vol. 217. pp. 114–150.
  14. ^ A. Mohorovičić (1911). "The effects of earthquakes on buildings (Djelovanje potresa na zgrade)". Vijesti HRV. Društva in. I arh.

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