أباتشي (قبيلة)
Apache portraits | |
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة | |
---|---|
أريزونا، نيو مكسيكو و أوكلاهوما | |
اللغات | |
Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan Apache, Plains Apache, Mescalero, الأباتشي الغربية | |
الدين | |
الكنيسة الأمريكية الأصلية، المسيحية، الشامانية دين القبلية | |
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة | |
Navajo, Dene |
أباتشي أو أباش (Apache) ( /əˈpætʃiː/; بالفرنسية: [a.paʃ]) هي مجموعة من قبائل الهنود الحمر السكان الأصليين لامريكا الشمالية. لغتهم لغة أثاباسكان الجنوبية، والتعريف الحديث لهم يستثني شعب نافويا المتقارب. هاجموا حضارتي المايا والتولتك.وقاوموا الأسبان في مطلع القرن 16 عندما غزوا المكسيك. وكلمة(أباش) بالأسبانية معناها سفلة. وكان الأباش يمارسون صيد الجاموس الوحشي والخيول عن طر يق تقفي الأثر والتربص والانقضاض. وكانوا برقصون رقصة الحرب مع دق الطبول ودهان أجسامهم باللون الأحمر. وكانوا يسيرون للحرب علي صوت النفر المصنوع من قرن الجاموس.
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مجموعات أباتشي المعاصرة
الإسم والمرادفات
صعوبات في تسمية
قائمة أسماء
التاريخ
الدخول الى الجنوب الغربي
الصراع مع المكسيك والولايات المتحدة
الترحيل القسري
الهزيمة
Pre-reservation culture
المنظمات الإجتماعية
Kinship systems
Chiricahua
Jicarilla
الإسكان
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الغذاء
الصيد
الملابس
استحداث نباتات جديدة ومصادر غذائية أخرى
زراعة المحاصيل
التجارة، الإغارة، والحرب
الدين
اللغات
Proto- Athabascan |
Navajo | Western Apache |
Chiricahua | Mescalero | Jicarilla | Lipan | Plains Apache | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*k̯uʔs | "handle fabric-like object" | -tsooz | -tsooz | -tsuuz | -tsuudz | -tsoos | -tsoos | -tsoos |
*ce· | "stone" | tsé | tséé | tsé | tsé | tsé | tsí | tséé |
Western | Eastern | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Navajo | Western Apache |
Chiricahua | Mescalero | Jicarilla | Lipan | Plains Apache | |
"water" | tó | tū | tú | tú | kó | kó | kóó |
"fire" | kǫʼ | kǫʼ | kųų | kų | ko̱ʼ | kǫǫʼ | kǫʼ |
Proto- Athabascan |
Navajo | Chiricahua | Mescalero | Jicarilla | Plains Apache | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*k̯aʔx̣ʷ | "big" | -tsaa | -tsaa | -tsaa | -tsaa | -cha |
Low-Marked | High-Marked | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto- Athabascan |
Navajo | Chiricahua | Slavey | Chilcotin | |
*taʔ | "father" | -taaʼ | -taa | -táʼ | -tá |
*tu· | "water" | tó | tú | tù | tù |
مشاهير أباتشي
- Mangas Coloradas, Chief
- Cochise, Chief
- Victorio, Chief
- Geronimo, Leader
- Essa-queta, Chief
- Richard Aitson, Plains Apache beader
- William Alchesay, White Mountain scout, chief
- Tammie Allen, Jicarilla potter
- Chatto, scout
- Mildred Cleghorn, Fort Sill tribal chairperson
- Dahteste, female warrior
- Gouyen, female warrior
- Lozen, female warrior
- Bob Haozous, Chiricahua sculptor
- Allan Houser, Chiricahua sculptor
- Vanessa Jennings, Kiowa Apache beadworker and regalia-maker
- Loco, Chief
- Ronnie Lupe, activist and White Mountain Apache tribal chairman
- Douglas Miles, San Carlos painter
- Naiche, Chief
- Nana, Chief
- Joanelle Romero, actress, filmmaker
- Jay Tavare, actor
- Taza, Chief
- Mary Kim Titla, publisher, journalist, former TV reporter, and a 2008 candidate for Arizona's First Congressional District
- Raoul Trujillo, dancer, choreographer, actor
- Winnetou, fictional Apache chief in several novels by Karl May
- Eleven Medal of Honor recipients: see List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients.
انظر أيضاً
- Athabascan languages
- Battle of Apache Pass
- Battle of Cieneguilla
- Camp Grant massacre
- Chiricahua
- Fort Apache, a movie in the genre of historical fiction about encounters between the US Army and Cochise's band
- Jicarilla Apache
- Lipan Apache people
- Mescalero
- Native American tribe
- Native Americans in the United States
- Navajo people
- Plains Apache
- Southern Athabascan languages
- Western Apache
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الهوامش
- ^ Census.gov Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000. US Census Bureau 2000 (retrieved December 28, 2009)
- ^ Carolyn Casey. The Apache, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, p. 18
قائمة المراجع
- Soledad, Nell David S (2009). "Eastern Apache Wizardcraft", Mythical papers of the University of Cebu (No.14). Philippines: University Of Cebu Press,
- Basso, Keith H. (1969). "Western Apache witchcraft", Anthroplogical papers of the University of Arizona (No. 15). Tucson: University of Arizona Press,
- Brugge, David M. (1968). Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.
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(help) - Brugge, David M. (1983). "Navajo prehistory and history to 1850", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 489–501). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
- Etulain, Richard W. New Mexican Lives: A Biographical History, University of New Mexico Center for the American West, University of New Mexico Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8263-2433-9
- Foster, Morris W; & McCollough, Martha. (2001). "Plains Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, pp. 926–939). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Gatewood, Charles B. (Edited by Louis Kraft). Lt. Charles Gatewood & His Apache Wars Memoir. University of Nebraska Press 2005. ISBN 978-0-8032-2772-9.
- Goodwin, Greenville (1969) [1941]. The Social Organization of the Western Apache. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. LCCN 76-75453.
- Gunnerson, James H. (1979). "Southern Athapaskan archeology", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 9, pp. 162–169). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Haley, James L. Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8061-2978-6.
- Hammond, George P., & Rey, Agapito (Eds.). (1940). Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- Henderson, Richard. (1994). "Replicating dog 'travois' travel on the northern plains", Plains Anthropologist, 39, 145–59.
- Hodge, F. W. (Ed.). (1907). Handbook of American Indians. Washington.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages", American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75–87.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock", in K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
- Huld, Martin E. (1983). "Athapaskan bears", International Journal of American Linguistics, 49 (2), 186–195.
- Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene", in T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp. 903–978). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted 1976).
- Landar, Herbert J. (1960). "The loss of Athapaskan words for fish in the Southwest", International Journal of American Linguistics, 26 (1), 75–77.
- Miles, General Nelson Appleton. (1897). Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire. Chicago: The Werner Company.
- Newman, Stanley. (1958). Zuni dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- Newman, Stanley. (1965). Zuni grammar. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- Opler, Morris E. (1936a). "A summary of Jicarilla Apache culture", American Anthropologist, 38 (2), 202–223.
- Opler, Morris E. (1936b). "The kinship systems of the Southern Athapaskan-speaking tribes", American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620–633.
- Opler, Morris E. (1941). An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache", Anthropological Quarterly, 48 (3), 182–192.
- Opler, Morris E. (1983a). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 368–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Opler, Morris E. (1983b). "Chiricahua Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 401–418). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Opler, Morris E. (1983c). "Mescalero Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 419–439). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Opler, Morris E. (2001). "Lipan Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, pp. 941–952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Plog, Stephen. (1997). Ancient peoples of the American Southwest. London: Thames and London, LTD. ISBN 0-500-27939-X.
- Reuse, Willem J., de. (1983). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins: Synonymy", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 385–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Schroeder, Albert H. (1963). "Navajo and Apache relationships west of the Rio Grande", El Palacio, 70 (3), 5–23.
- Schroeder, Albert H. (1974a). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 1–3", in American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
- Schroeder, Albert H. (1974b). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 4–5", American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
- Schroeder, Albert H. (1974c). "The Jicarilla Apache", American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
- Seymour, Deni J. (2004) "A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site", Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153–192.
- Seymour, Deni J. (2009a) "Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People", Antiquity 83(319):157–164.
- Seymour, Deni J.(2009b) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola", New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
- Seymour, Deni J. (2010a) "Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events", American Antiquity 75(1):158–176.
- Seymour, Deni J. (2010b) "Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of Ancestral Apache Housing", Plains Anthropologist (Spring or Summer issue)
- Sweeney, Edwin R. (1998). Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3063-6
- Terrell, John Upton. (1972). Apache chronicle. World Publishing. ISBN 0-529-04520-6.
- Tiller, Veronica E. (1983). "Jicarilla Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 440–461). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Witherspoon, Gary. (1983). "Navajo social organization", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 524–535). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Worcester, Donald E. (1992). The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest', University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1495-9
وصلات خارجية
المواقع القبلية
- Fort Sill Apache Tribe, official website
- Jicarilla Apache Nation, official website
- Mescalero Apache Tribe, official website
- San Carlos Apache Tribe, official website
- White Mountain Apache Tribe, official website
- Yavapai-Apache Nation, official website
أخرى
- HoustonCulture.org, Sonora: Four centuries of indigenous resistance
- The Apache, from History of Arizona
- Apache myths and texts
- Apache Indians from the Handbook of Texas Online
- Inde (Apache) Literature
- "Apache, Fort Sill", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
- "Apache", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
أنظر كلوفيز.
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- قبائل الأباتشي
- قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في ولاية أريزونا
- قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في نيو مكسيكو
- قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في ولاية أوكلاهوما
- قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في ولاية تكساس
- هنود أمريكان