آماردي
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The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian[1] tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north,[2] to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed.[3] They are said to be related to, or the same tribe as, the Dahae and Sacae. That is to say, they were Scythian.[4] Herodotus mentions a tribe with a similar name as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis.[1][5]
They lived in the valleys in between the Susis and Persis,[6] in what is now southwestern Iran. The southern Mardi are described by Nearchus as one of the four predatory mountain peoples of the southwest, along with the Susians, Uxii, and Elymaeans.[7] Of these four nomadic groups, they were the only tribe linguistically Iranian.[8]
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Etymology
The term Mardi comes from the Old Iranian word for "man"[6] (الفارسية القديمة: 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 martiya; from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós, "mortal").
Richard N. Frye believe that the name of the city of Amol is rooted in the word Amard, which occurs as Amui in Middle Persian.[9] According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Tapuria (modern-day Mazanderan), at least in the period starting from the Sasanian Empire to the Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire.
Historical accounts
Strabo mentions the name Mardi several times. He places their location to the south of the Caspian Sea in what is now Gilan and Mazanderan, in northern Iran.[3][7] On his map, he mentions Amardos (and the Amardos river), the name attributed to the region of Sefidrud at the time.[3][10]
Herodotus mentions a tribe with a similar name as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis.[1][5] They lived in the valleys in between the Susis and Persis,[11] in what in now southwestern Iran. The southern Mardi are described by Nearchus as one of the four predatory mountain peoples of the southwest, along with the Susians, Uxii, and Elymaeans.[7] Of these four nomadic groups, they were the only tribe linguistically Iranian.[12]
Gallery
Map of the Median Empire (600 BC), showing the relative locations of the Amardian tribe.
Iron Age gold cup from Marlik, kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
The Hyrcanian Golden cup. Dated first half of first millennium. Excavated at Kelardasht, Mazandaran.
Deer stag Marlik
Golden necklace of three Swastikas from Marlik, kept at the National Museum, Tehran.
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See also
Further reading
- "The Mardians: A Note" (PDF). Leonardo Gregoratti (Durham University, UK). Anabasis, Studies for Classical Eastern Orientalism.
References
- ^ أ ب ت "IRAN" [v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic]. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
- ^ Compact Bible atlas with gazetteer. Baker Book House. 1979. p. 7. ISBN 9780801024320 – via Google Books.
- Smith, William (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Vol. 1. Little, Brown & Company – via Google Books.
- Indo-iranica. Vol. 2. Iran Society. 1947. p. 21 – via Google Books. - ^ أ ب ت Negahban, Ezat O. (1995). Marlik: The Complete Excavation Report. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 321. ISBN 9780924171321.
- ^ Norris, Edwin (1853). Memoir on the Scythic Version of the Behistun Inscription (in الإنجليزية). Harrison and Sons.
- ^ أ ب Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 13. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 2004. p. 336. ISBN 9780933273955. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ أ ب Eadie, John (1852). Early Oriental History, Comprising the Histories of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Lydia, Phrygia, and Phoenicia (in الإنجليزية). Griffin. ISBN 9780848207410.
- ^ أ ب ت "CASPIANS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. V. p. 62. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-08-07.
- ^ Richard N. Frye. "Ancient Central Asian History Notes". Proceedings of the Second European Congress of Iranian Studies. Rome: ISMEO. p. 188.
town of Amul on the Amu Darya and the Amul in Mazanderan, Iran, both of which may be traced back to the migration of an Iranian tribe called Amardi or Mardi
- ^ "GĪLĀN" [iv. History in the Early Islamic Period]. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. pp. 634–635. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
- Wright, John Henry (1905). A history of all nations from the earliest times. Lea Brothers. - ^ Eadie, John (1852). Early Oriental History, Comprising the Histories of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Lydia, Phrygia, and Phoenicia (in الإنجليزية). Griffin. p. 276.
mardi.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-08-07.